Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 5.3
Schematic representation of enzyme electropolymerization by PPy and
graphene. Adapted with permission from [40].
Along with this, GR has great electrochemical properties, some of them:
chemical stability, low cost, wide potential window, electrochemically inert
and their electrocatalytic activity for several redox reactions.
Surfactants have been used in some research regarding GR and sensors
due to their ability of changing the electrical properties of the electrode's
interface and so the electrochemical processes. h is is caused by the sur-
factant's adsorption on the electrode's surface and/or its aggregation into
supramolecular structures [41].
Polymers have also been used with GR to improve some properties of the
materials, for example, Nai on can serve as an antifouling [42], Chitosan
(CS) is used in combination with GR due to improve permeability and
adhesive strength [43-47].
Metal nanoparticles can be integrated with GR to improve the proper-
ties of sensors [47, 48]. Modii cation of electrode's surface with GR and
(bio) recognition elements is usually done through composites. It has been
reported that the use of GR in sensor construction is inexpensive and can
be produced on a large scale in comparison with other carbon nanomateri-
als such as carbon nanotubes [49].
It has been demonstrated that GR based (bio)sensors have electro-
chemical properties that are equal or even superior compared with other
electrodes, therefore its use for the determination and quantii cation of
contaminants in the environment like heavy metals, phenolic compounds,
pesticides and microorganisms, has been of great relevance. In subse-
quent sections, advances reported in literature regarding the use of these
GR based (bio)sensors for detecting and quantifying these pollutants are
presented.
