An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model to Determine the Intention to Use Biometric Devices - End User Computing Challenges and Technologies: Emerging Tools and Applications - page 62

and beliefs in the areas of security, privacy, and
physical invasiveness which are not captured in
the original TAM model. The resulting model,
therefore, provides further insight into the usage
intentions of the end users or security technolo-
gies. Due to the rising importance of security and
privacy in today's society, a closer examination
of the acceptance of advanced technologies such
as biometrics, is warranted. These extensions are
further justified in the following sections. The
resulting conceptual model developed for this
study, including the hypothesized relationships,
is shown in Figure 1.

poses have raised some concerns. Although
discussed, the use of this technology in humans
has not currently reached the market.
Biometric devices require the use of physi-
ological traits and in some cases may be perceived
as physically invasive. Many biometric devices
can be intimidating to use for many individuals,
especially initially. Many people have a natural
aversion to using devices that require a scan of
their eyes and fingerprint biometrics can have
negative associations (Kim, 1995). Due to the
personal nature of this identification method,
individuals may view the devices as invasive
which may present an obstacle to user acceptance
(Liu & Silverman, 2001). The use of fingerprint
biometrics and especially retinal biometrics are
often encumbered by the perception of physical
invasiveness (Kim, 1995). Due to the newness of
physical invasiveness to security devices, little
research has been conducted to determine the
impact of this characteristic on usage. Kim (1995)
point out that certain biometric devices may be
perceived as more physically invasive or hold a
more negative connotation than others.

physical invasiveness

The perception of physical invasiveness is rela-
tively new to the computing technologies area.
Invasiveness in the medical technologies area
has been an area of concern, but the application
for these technologies is drastically different in
type (e.g., medical technologies for treatment
purposes). Recent discussions of using implanted
microchips for identification and tracking pur-

Figure 1. Conceptual model