Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Standards Board, an industry consortium, to develop the “Green Button” program. This
program will allow consumers to access and share energy use data with authorized third
parties by establishing a common data format.
Other federal organizations are also influencing the development of smart grid through
regulations ( Table 4.2 ). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates
environmental emissions from the electricity system and sets standards for air and water
emissions limits. The Department of the Interior controls federal land use and is often
involved in the siting of new energy facilities or transmission projects. Concerns about
cybersecurity and increased system vulnerabilities also engage the military and defense
communities and bring government agencies in contact with other public and private
organizations focused on system security.
4.3.2 Regional Coordination and Smart Grid
Many EU countries and U.S. states are linked together in regional electricity markets.
While originally established to provide additional system reliability and improve system
economics, these regional bodies have become an important force for smart grid
development. These regional bodies are involved in energy markets and operations as
well as long-term system planning. NordPool, which covers Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, allows for integration of renewable resources
across Scandinavia. In the United States, the FERC-authorized Regional Transmission
Organizations (RTOs) organize future capacity and transmission planning and market
operations for roughly two thirds of bulk power sales ( Figure 4.2 ). Chapter 6 discusses the
role of RTOs in wind integration in more detail.
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