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R1
R2
Oil
Water
DP = 2 (ST) (1/R1 - 1/R2)
(a)
Oil
Water Injection
By-Pass
(b)
FIGure 6.1
Water bypass in an oil reservoir: (a) oil would exhibit ΔP = 2 γ (1/ R
1
-1/R
2
); (b)
water will bypass the oil trapped in the reservoir.
sulfonates, more commonly known as petroleum sulfonates. These emulsions may
also contain ketones, esters, or alcohols as cosurfactants.
Another capillary phenomenon to consider is that the pores in the reservoirs are
not perfectly circular. In the case of square-shaped pores, bypass is another possibil-
ity in the corners, but is not found in circular-shaped pores (Birdi et al., 1988).
6.2.1
o
I l
S
p I l l S
a n d
c
l e a n u p
p
r o c e S S e S
I n
o
c e a n S
The treatment of oil spills is much dependent on surface chemistry principles. Oil on
sea surfaces will be exposed to various parameters:
1. Loss by evaporation
2. Loss by sinking to the bottom (as such, or in conjunction with solids)
3. Emulsification
Oil spills are treated by various methods, depending on the region (in warmer seas or
in a cold climate). The light fluids of oil will evaporate into the air. The oil that has
adsorbed on solid suspension will sink to the bottom. The remaining oil is skimmed
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