Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.6. Continued.
Yield
Name
In Latin
[t/ha DM]
Climate zone
Sugarcane
Saccharum officinarum
16.0-73
C4, PE, ST/TR,
>
1500/y
Sunflower
Helianthus annuus
4.0-12
ST/TE, 25seed, 75stalk
Sweet potato
Ipomoea batatus
5.0-15
TR/ST, PE, 750-1250/y
Switch grass
Panicum virgatum
5.0-16
C4, PE, TE, lnutrientdem
Tall fescue
Festuca arundinacea
11.0-13
PE, TE-TR,
<
1.8m
Timothy
Phleum pratense
11.0-19
PE, TE, 1m
Water hyacinth
Eichornia crassipes
30.0-90
PE, TR/STaquatic herb
Wheat
Triticum aestivum
10.0-20
TE, 1:1 grain/straw
Willow
Salix
spp.
5.0-20
CO, Eu, Siberia,
>
600/y
ME
=
mediteranian, TR
=
tropical, ST
=
subtropical, TE
=
temperate, CO
=
continental, CE
=
central
European, NO
=
northen climates, Am
=
America, Nam
=
North America, SAm
=
South America,
EU
=
Europe, AR
=
arid areas, AS
=
Asia,
IN
=
India, AF
=
Africa, PE
=
perennial, AN
=
annual,
BI
=
biennial.
Figure 1.2. Briquettes formed from straw of switch grass and bark.
1.3.3
Hybrid poplar
Among trees, hybrid poplar is very interesting for the future. In Heilman and Stettler (1985), 50
clones were compared at sites in western Washington in the US. What could be seen was that
there were major variations between different clones. The height of the clones varied between
8.5 and 11.8m at 4 years. With respect to dry weight production, it varied between 5.2 and
23 tonnes/ha/y, with the average 12.5 tonnes/ha per y. Three Populustrichocarpa
P. deltoides
hybrids were planted in a trial. The dry weight production was 15.6 to 27.8 tonnes/ha per y for
an average of 23.6 tonnes/ha per y. This shows that also trees can reach very high productivity
under good conditions, and when good clones have been selected. In Zalesny
et al
. (2009), the
growth rate of different clones of hybrid poplar was evaluated. The results for different clones
and sites are as follows: for each site, biomass ranges [tonne/ha,y] of the best six clones were:
Westport: 2.3 to 3.9 (5 years), 8.0 to 10.1 (8 years), and 8.9 to 11.3 (10 years); Waseca: 10.4 to
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