Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 10.2. Process energy ratios of biofuel alternatives (Source: Naqvi
et al
., 2010a, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c.
DBLG O
2
DBLG air DBLG
DBLG
CHG
CBLG
CBLG
(SNG)
(SNG)
(H
2
)
(MeOH)
(SNG)
(DME)
(MeOH)
Inputs
Black liquor [MW]
243.5
243.5
243.5
243.5
243.5
243.5
243.5
Bark to power boiler [MW]
77.2
55.1
90.7
80.8
117.4
79.9
70.8
Bark to lime kiln [MW]
-
-
-
-
29.7
29.7
29.7
Total inputs [MW]
320.7
298.6
334.2
324.3
390.5
353.1
344
Outputs
Mill process steam [(MW]
125
125
125
125
78.4
125
125
Electricity
a
[MW]
−
21.8
−
14.7
−
19.1
−
8.4
1.1
−
26.2
−
22.2
Biofuel produced [MW]
162.2
63.8
141.4
55.7
240.2
131.9
143
Total outputs [MW]
265.4
174.1
247.3
172.3
319.7
230.7
245.8
Process energy ratio
0.82
0.58
0.74
0.53
0.81
0.65
0.71
a
electricity import/export (
−
/
+
)
Table 10.3. Potential motor fuel replacement from annual produced biofuel based on black liquor
solids availability in 2010 (Source: Naqvi
et al
., 2010a, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c).
Sweden
Europe
World
Black liquor availability
a
[TWh]
47
184
733
Motor fuel consumption
b
[TWh]
84
3910
17633
DBLG O
2
(SNG)
Fuel production
[TWh]
31.3
122.5
488.7
Motor fuel replacement
[%]
37.2
3.1
2.8
DBLG air (SNG)
Fuel production
[TWh]
12.7
50.1
200.1
Motor fuel replacement
[%]
15.1
1.3
1.1
DBLG (H
2
)
Fuel production
[TWh]
27.4
107.1
427.3
Motor fuel replacement
[%]
32.6
2.7
2.4
DBLG (MeOH)
Fuel production
[TWh]
10.8
43.7
174.1
Motor fuel replacement
[%]
12.9
1.1
0.9
CHG system
Fuel production
TWh
46.9
181.7
725.7
Motor fuel replacement
%
55.8
4.6
4.1
CBLG (DME)
Fuel production
TWh
26
101.4
402.4
Motor fuel replacement
%
30.9
2.6
2.3
CBLG (MeOH)
Fuel production
TWh
28.4
113.2
451.9
Motor fuel replacement
%
33.8
2.9
2.6
a
Based on the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data base (FAO, 2010)
b
Motor fuel consumption combines gasoline and diesel as transport fuel. Data taken from Earth
Trends: Environmental Information (Earth Trends, 2010)
respectively during 2008 (FAO, 2010). Table 10.3 shows potential motor fuel replacement in
Sweden, Europe and world based on black liquor production (Naqvi
et al
., 2012c).
Despite positive performance and considerable biofuel production potential, some issues
related to successful integration are vital. One of the key issues is increased load on the lime
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