Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6.1. Examples of organic wastes and possible conversion processes (Thorin
et al.
, 2011).
Waste
Conversion processes
Comment
Sewage sludge
Anaerobic digestion to biogas
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Grease trap sludge
Anaerobic digestion to biogas
Manure
Anaerobic digestion to biogas
Gasification
Biowaste
Anaerobic digestion to biogas
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Anaerobic digestion to biogas
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Food wastes
Anaerobic digestion to biogas
From grocery shops, restaurants
and industry
Waste cooking oil
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Refuse derived fuel (RDF)
Anaerobic digestion to biogas
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Lignocellulosic wastes
Fermentation to ethanol
For example straw, wood wastes,
Combustion
sugar cane bagasse, corn stover
Gasification
Sugarcane molasses
Fermentation to ethanol
Industrial waste water
Anaerobic digestion to biogas
From distilleries, food processing
Fermentation to ethanol
From breweries, sugar mills,
food processing, tanneries, paper
and pulp production
Packaging waste
Combustion
Product specific industrial
Combustion
waste
Bulky waste
Combustion
Furniture, etc.
Clinic waste
Combustion
Hazardous waste
Combustion
Gasification
such as Recovered Fuel (REF), Packaging Derived Fuel (PDF), Paper and Plastic Fraction (PPF),
Processed Engineered Fuel (PEF), Solid Recovered Fuel and Specified Recovered Fuel (SRF).
SRF is produced according to the requirements of a quality label. TheCEN/TC343WorkingGroup
2 “Fuel Specifications and Classes” which work with EU quality criteria for SRF mentions the
following as important factors for the quality criteria:
•
Economic aspect: net caloric value (the higher, the more regular fuel can be substituted)
•
Technology aspect: Cl content (chloride leads to corrosion in the installations)
•
Environmental aspect: Hg (+Cd) content.
The pre-treatment can include separation, drying, size reduction followed by formation of
pellets, bales or briquettes. One possible drying method is to use biological drying where the
drying is done by air convection and heat provided by exothermic decomposition of the readily
decomposable waste fraction. Typical water losses of 25% of the waste weight have been reported.
Collecting different fractions of the waste separately, for example biowaste from households, is
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