Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2.2
Summary of Nanoparticle Exposure Number Concentrations from Various Development
Laboratory and Manufacturing Workplaces
Number Concentration
Industry/Exposure
Material
Activity/Process
Background
Workplace
Reference
Carbon black
Bagging
694-3836 × 10
3
4-50 × 10
3
Wake (2001)
Nickel powder
Bagging
Wake (2001)
3-16 × 10
3
4-212 × 10
3
Precious metal
Sieving
Wake (2001)
19-62 × 10
3
23-71 × 10
3
Titanium dioxide
Bagging
10-58 × 10
3
4-17 × 10
3
Wake (2001)
Zinc refining
Sintering
Wake (2001)
20-23 × 10
3
12-14 × 10
3
Casting
Wake (2001)
20-23 × 10
3
56-100 × 10
3
Plasma coating
Wire coating
2-8 × 10
3
3-905 × 10
3
Wake (2001)
Galvanizing
Galvanizing
Wake (2001)
15-37 × 10
3
10-683 × 10
3
Steel foundry
Molding
13-73 × 10
3
118->500 × 10
3
Wake (2001)
Welding
MIG
10-19 × 10
3
117->500 × 10
3
Wake (2001)
Plastic welding
Welding
Wake (2001)
1-5 × 10
3
111-3766 × 10
3
Hand soldering
Tinning
2-11 × 10
3
12->500 × 10
3
Wake (2001)
Experimental apparatus
Welding processes
—
Zimmer and Biswas
(2001)
3 × 10
6
Hardwood
High-speed grinding
0.8 × 10
6
Maynard (2003)
Aluminum
High-speed grinding
0.1 × 10
6
Industrial maintenance
and metal fabrication
workplace environment
Welding
—
2 × 10
5
Stephenson et al.
(2003)
Carbon black
Packaging/bag filling
10
4
-10
5
10
4
-10
5
Kuhlbusch et al. (2004)
Silica
Smelting
—
Möhlmann (2005)
1 × 10
5
—
Metal grinding
—
1.3 × 10
5
Möhlmann (2005)
—
Soft soldering
—
Möhlmann (2005)
4 × 10
5
—
Plasma cutting
—
Möhlmann (2005)
5 × 10
5
Bakery
Bakery
—
6.4 × 10
5
Möhlmann (2005)
Airport
Airport terminal
—
Möhlmann (2005)
7 × 10
5
—
Hard soldering
—
0.54-35 × 10
5
Möhlmann (2005)
Welding
Welding
—
1-400 × 10
5
Möhlmann (2005)
Parking lot
—
Ramachandran et al.
(2005)
0.3-21.7 × 10
4
Carbon black
Reactor/pelletizing
10
4
-10
5
10
4
-10
5
Kuhlbusch and Fissan
(2006)
Fullerenes
Scooping, brushing,
sweeping
Yeganeh et al. (2008)
4.6 × 10
3
/
1.3-6.3 × 10
4
4.8 × 10
3
/
0.54-6.3 × 10
4
Fullerenes
Bagging
Fujitani et al. (2008)
1.2-1.6 × 10
4
>1.6 × 10
4
MWCNT
Recovering CNT;
blending composites
1.0 × 10
4
>4 × 10
4
Han et al. (2008)
CNT
Removal and detaching of
CNTs
0.35-0.4 × 10
4
0.3-0.4 × 10
4
Bello et al. (2008)
Metal-based
Reactor maintenance and
cleaning, powder
handling and packing,
workplace cleaning
0.85 × 10
4
5.9 × 10
4
Demou et al. (2008)
Metal
Reactor cleanout
Methner (2008)
1.2 × 10
4
2.9 × 10
4
Automotive gray iron
foundry
Welding
—
2 × 10
4
-4 × 10
6
Evans et al. (2008)
continued
