Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 1.6
Analytical Techniques to Characterize Nanoparticles
Characteristics
Analytical Methods
Parameters
Particle
imaging
TEM—transmission electron microscopy
Size, shape, state of aggregation
SEM—scanning electron microscopy
Size, shape, state of aggregation
topography, elemental composition in
combination with other techniques
ESEM—environmental SEM
As SEM above
AFM—etomic force microscopy
Size, shape, morphology, state of
aggregation
SAXS—small-angle x-ray scattering, SANS—small-
angle neutron scattering
Number of bilayers, chemical group
ordering
Physical
property
DLS—dynamic light scatter size of particle, NTA—
nanoparticle-tracking analysis, FCS—fluorescence
correlation spectroscopy, FFF—field flow fractionation
Particle size distribution
Filtration
Size fractionation
Centrifugation
XRD—x-ray diffraction
Crystal structure, size
BET—Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method
Surface area per unit mass and porosity
SEC—size exclusion chromatography, AFFF-
asymmetric field fractionation, DLS, electrophoretic
method, electroacoustic technique
Size distribution
ζ potential
Chemical
composition
ICP-MS—inductively coupled-mass spectrometry,
ICP-OES—inductively coupled-optic emission
spectrometry, SIMS—secondary ion mass spectroscopy
Element composition, mass
EDS—x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
Element composition
LC-MS—liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,
MALDI-TOF—matrix-assisted laser desorption/
ionization-time of flight
Fullerene structure, mass
AES—Auger electron spectroscopy, EELS—electron
energy loss spectroscopy, XPS—x-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy
Surface chemistry
NMR—nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
FTIR—Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy,
Raman spectroscopy
Chemical functional groups, surface
groups
Uptake
ICP-AES—inductively coupled plasma atomic emission
spectroscopy, SRXRF—synchrotron radiation-induced
x-ray fluorescence, NAA—neutron activation analysis,
ICP-MS, TEM, flow cytometry
Cellular uptake
IA-SEM—ion abrasion SEM, FIB-SEM—focused ion
beam SEM, soft x-ray tomography
Three-dimensional imaging of nanoparticle
distribution in cells and tissues
EPR—electron paramagnetic resonance/ESR—spin
resonance
Quantification of reactive oxygen species
generation after cellular interaction of
nanoparticles
Stability
CD—circular dichroism spectroscopy, UV-vis—
UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS,
colorimetric assays
Stability indicating changes, such as
particle size distribution, dissolution,
surface chemistry, degradant formation
