Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
19
Models for Risk Assessments
of Nanoparticles
Sanjay Dey, Bhaskar Mazumder, and Yaswant Pathak
CONTENTS
19.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 384
19.2
Interaction of NPs with Cells ............................................................................................. 385
19.2.1
Interference of NPs to Cells Membrane .............................................................. 385
19.2.2
Effect of NPs to Proteins and Macromolecules ................................................... 385
19.2.3
NP Interaction with DNA .................................................................................... 386
19.3
Entry Routes of NPs into the Body .................................................................................... 386
19.4
Conventional Risk Assessment .......................................................................................... 388
19.5
Structure for Risk Assessment ........................................................................................... 389
19.6
Issues Relevant to Risk Assessment ................................................................................... 391
19.7
Stages of Risk Assessment ................................................................................................. 391
19.7.1
Characterizations of Behavior of Engineered Nanomaterials ............................. 392
19.7.2
An Assessment of Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterial .................................. 393
19.7.3
Hazard Characterization ...................................................................................... 394
19.7.3.1
Translocation of Engineered Nanomaterial into the Body ................. 395
19.7.3.2
Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Engineered Nanomaterial ...... 395
19.7.3.3
Genotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterial ......................................... 396
19.7.3.4
Carcinogenic Effects of Engineered Nanomaterial ............................ 396
19.7.3.5
Effects of Engineered Nanomaterial on Circulation .......................... 397
19.7.3.6
Other Remarks on the Effects of Engineered Nanomaterial .............. 397
19.8
An Assessment of Particle Parameters Relevant for Biological Action ............................. 398
19.9
In Vitro
Cytotoxicity Test ................................................................................................... 401
19.9.1
Cell Viability Testing ........................................................................................... 401
19.9.1.1 Detection of Mitochondrial Activity ..................................................402
19.9.1.2 Detection of LDH Release upon Necrosis ..........................................402
19.9.1.3 Fluorescein Diacetate Test ..................................................................402
19.9.1.4 WST-1 Cytotoxicity Assay.................................................................. 403
19.9.1.5 Clonogenic Assay ............................................................................... 403
19.9.1.6 Hematoxylin and Eosin Assay ............................................................ 403
19.9.1.7 Neutral Red Uptake Assay.................................................................. 403
19.9.1.8 Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay ............................................................. 403
19.9.1.9 Alamar Blue Reduction ......................................................................404
19.9.1.10 Commassie Blue Assay .......................................................................404
19.9.1.11 MetPLATE
E. coli
Bioassay ...............................................................404
19.9.1.12 CellTiter Assay ...................................................................................404
19.9.1.13 Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Staining for Apoptotic
and Necrotic Cells ..............................................................................404
19.9.1.14 Detection of the Apoptosis Marker Caspase-3 ................................... 405
383
