Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
14
Toxicity of Nanomaterials on
the Liver, Kidney, and Spleen
Jayvadan Patel and Anita Patel
CONTENTS
14.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 286
14.1.1 Mechanisms of Nanomaterial Toxicity ..................................................................... 286
14.1.2 Liver, Spleen, Kidneys Uptake of Nanoparticles ...................................................... 287
14.1.3 Adverse Health Effects of Liver and Kidney Uptake ............................................... 288
14.2 Toxicity of Nanomaterials on the Liver ................................................................................ 288
14.2.1 Liver Morphology ..................................................................................................... 288
14.2.2 Phagocytosis in Kupffer Cells .................................................................................. 288
14.2.3 Potential Risk of Nanomaterials on the Liver .......................................................... 290
14.2.3.1 Toxicity of Quantum Dots ......................................................................... 290
14.2.3.2 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles ................................................................ 290
14.2.3.3 Toxicity of Copper Nanoparticles .............................................................. 291
14.2.3.4 Toxicity of Dendrimer ................................................................................ 291
14.2.3.5 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes ................................................................... 292
14.2.3.6 Toxicity of Europium Hydroxide Nanorods ............................................... 292
14.2.3.7 Toxicity of Carbon Black and Polystyrene ................................................ 293
14.2.3.8 Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles .................................................................. 293
14.3 Toxicity of Nanomaterials on the Kidney ............................................................................. 293
14.3.1 Kidney Morphology .................................................................................................. 293
14.3.2 Glomerular Filtration ................................................................................................ 294
14.3.3 Tubular Reabsorption ................................................................................................ 295
14.3.4 Potential Risk of Nanomaterials on the Kidney ....................................................... 295
14.3.4.1 Toxicity of Metals and Heavy Metals ........................................................ 296
14.3.4.2 Toxicity of Copper Nanoparticles .............................................................. 296
14.3.4.3 Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles .................................................................. 297
14.3.4.4 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes ................................................................... 297
14.3.4.5 Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ............................................. 298
14.3.4.6 Toxicity of Silica Particles ......................................................................... 298
14.3.4.7 Toxicity of QDs ..........................................................................................300
14.3.4.8 Toxicity of Dendrimers .............................................................................. 301
14.3.4.9 Toxicity of Fullerenes ................................................................................ 301
14.4 Toxicity of Nanomaterials on Spleen .................................................................................... 301
14.4.1 Spleen Morphology ................................................................................................... 301
14.4.2 ABC Phenomenon .................................................................................................... 302
14.4.3 Potential Risk of Nanomaterials on the Spleen ........................................................ 303
14.4.3.1 Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles ................................................................ 303
14.4.3.2 Toxicity of Nanorods.................................................................................. 303
14.4.3.3 Toxicity of Silica Nanoparticles .................................................................304
14.4.3.4 Toxicity of TiO 2 Nanoparticles ..................................................................304
285
 
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