Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
13
Toxicity of Nanomaterials
on the Gastrointestinal Tract
Jayvadan Patel and Vibha Champavat
CONTENTS
13.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 260
13.1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 260
13.1.2 Nanomaterial Toxicity: The Underlying Factors ...................................................... 261
13.1.2.1 Size ............................................................................................................. 261
13.1.2.2 Surface ....................................................................................................... 261
13.1.2.3 Shape .......................................................................................................... 261
13.1.3 Exposure and Dose Metrics ...................................................................................... 261
13.2 Gastrointestinal Tract Uptake and Clearance of NPs ........................................................... 262
13.2.1 Exposure Sources of NPs ......................................................................................... 263
13.2.2 Size- and Charge-Dependent Uptake of NPs ........................................................... 263
13.2.3 Translocation ............................................................................................................264
13.2.4 Adverse Health Effects of GI Tract Uptake ..............................................................264
13.2.4.1 Reaction-Reduced Toxicity ........................................................................264
13.2.4.2 Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, and Cancer .......................................264
13.2.5 Treatment .................................................................................................................. 265
13.3 Uptake of NPs through GI Barrier ....................................................................................... 265
13.3.1 Acellular Layers of the Orogastrointestinal Tract .................................................... 265
13.3.2 Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Mucus Layer ................................................ 266
13.3.3 Epithelial Layers of the Orogastrointestinal Tract ................................................... 267
13.3.4 Permeation through Orogastrointestinal Barriers
In Vitro
....................................... 267
13.4 Behavior and Fate of Nanomaterials in the GI Tract ............................................................ 270
13.4.1 GI Absorption of NPs ............................................................................................... 271
13.4.2 Distribution ............................................................................................................... 272
13.4.3 Excretion/Elimination .............................................................................................. 272
13.5 Toxicity of Nanomaterials on GI Tract ................................................................................. 272
13.5.1 Toxicity of TiO
2
NPs ................................................................................................. 272
13.5.2 Toxicity of Nanoscale Zinc Powder .......................................................................... 273
13.5.3 Toxicity of Copper Nanoparticles (Copper NPs) ...................................................... 274
13.5.4 Toxicity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes .......................................................... 274
13.5.5 Toxicity of Metal NPs ............................................................................................... 275
13.5.6 Toxicity of Cadmium-Selenium Quantum Dot ........................................................ 276
13.5.7 Toxicity of Si and SiO Particles ................................................................................ 276
13.5.8 Toxicity of Chitosan NPs .......................................................................................... 278
13.5.9 Toxicity of Gold NPs ................................................................................................ 278
References ..................................................................................................................................... 279
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