Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
10
Toxicogenomic Approaches
to Understanding the Toxicity
of Nanoparticles
Qiwen Shi, Mahavir B. Chougule, Vijaykumar B. Sutariya,
and Deepak Bhatia
CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................209
10.2 Nanotoxicology ..................................................................................................................... 210
10.3
In Vitro
Evaluation of Nanoparticle Toxicity ....................................................................... 211
10.3.1
In Vitro
Cytotoxicity Screening ................................................................................ 211
10.3.2 Assays of ROS .......................................................................................................... 211
10.3.3 Microscopic Evaluation of Intracellular Localization .............................................. 212
10.3.4 Gene Expression Analysis ........................................................................................ 212
10.3.5
In Vitro
Hemolysis Test ............................................................................................ 214
10.3.6 Genotoxicity Testing ................................................................................................. 214
10.3.7 Inflammation Assay .................................................................................................. 215
10.3.8 Advantage and Disadvantage of
In Vitro
Assay ....................................................... 215
10.4
In Vivo
Evaluation of Nanoparticle Toxicity ........................................................................ 216
10.4.1 ADME of Nanoparticles ........................................................................................... 216
10.4.2 Animal Models ......................................................................................................... 216
10.4.3 Carcinogenicity Studies of Nanoparticles ................................................................ 216
10.4.4 Predication of
In Vivo
Toxicity by
In Vitro
Data ...................................................... 217
10.5
In Silico
Evaluation of Nanoparticle Toxicity....................................................................... 217
10.5.1 High-Throughput Screening ..................................................................................... 218
10.5.2 Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship ........................................................... 218
10.5.3 Global Models versus Local Models ........................................................................ 219
10.5.4 Artificial Intelligence ................................................................................................ 221
10.5.5 Nanoinformatics ....................................................................................................... 221
10.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 221
References ...................................................................................................................................... 222
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Since nanoscience is sustainably turning into nanotechnology, the potential widespread use of man-
made nanoparticles has been discussed. The main applications of engineered nanoparticles involve
two areas, industry (chemical sensing, fuel catalysis, etc.) and biomedicine (drug delivery, medical
imaging, etc.). Recently, some anticipated applications are beginning to be realized, such as sen-
sors, biolabels, tips for scanning probe microscopy, electrochemical actuators, batteries, and so on
(Barnard, 2009). During the transition, problems related to nanoparticle toxicity have arisen. To
manufacture efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly nanoproducts, a predictable and reliable
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