Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 7.6
List of Various Polymers and Lipids Considered to be Safe and Commonly Used
in Preparing Nanoparticles
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Polymer Categories
Lipids
Oils
Emulsifiers/Coemulsifiers
Poly (2-hydroxy ethyl
methacrylate)
Tricaprin
Clove oil
Soybean lecithin
Poly (
N
-vinyl pyrrolidone)
Trilaurin
Coconut oil
Egg lecithin
Poly (methyl methacrylate)
Trimyristin
Corn oil
Phosphatidylcholine
Poly (vinyl alcohol)
Tripalmitin
Cottonseed oil
Poloxamer
Poly (acrylic acid)
Tristearin
Fractionated coconut oil
Poloxamine
Polyacrylamide
Hydrogenated
coco-glycerides
Hydrogenated castor oil
Tyloxapol
Poly (ethylene-
co
-vinyl
acetate)
Witepsol
Hydrogenated palm oil
Polysorbate
Poly (ethylene glycol)
Glyceryl monostearate
Palm kernel oil peg-6
esters
Sodium cholate
Poly (methacrylic acid).
Glyceryl behenate
Hydrogenated soybean oil
Sodium glycocholate
Polylactides (PLA)
Glyceryl palmitostearate
Glyceryl ricinoleate
Taurocholic acid sodium salt
Polyglycolides (PGA)
Cetyl palmitate
Glyceryl stearate
Taurodeoxycholic acid
sodium salt
Poly (lactide-
co
-glycolides)
(PLGA)
Stearic acid
Cetyl esters wax
Butanol
Polyanhydrides
Palmitic acid
Ethyl oleate
Butyric acid
Polyorthoesters
Decanoic acid
Canola oil
Behenic acid
Caprylic/capric
mono/diglycerides
Acidan N12
Caprylic/capric
triglyceride
Glyceryl trioleate
Glyceryl palmitostearate
7.3.2.4 Concentration of Polymers/Lipids Utilized in the Nanoparticles
Polymeric and lipid concentrations in PNs and SLNs usually varies according to the drug loading
and in many cases, high drug loading results in adding high concentrations of polymers and lipids
for the optimized drug delivery. Although it is safe to presume that low polymer and lipid contents
may not cause any toxicity, however, increasing the concentration significantly can raise the pos-
sibility of toxicity by PNs and SLNs. Excessive lipid intake may result in fat-overload syndrome
characterized by hyperlipidemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and gastrointestinal disorders [77,78]. For
the purpose of drug formulation using SLNs, the quantity of lipid administered into human is sig-
nificantly lower. Therefore, concern for lipid overdose will be low as long as the formulation is
given within the recommended therapeutic dose range of the active ingredient. This possibility of
concentration-dependent toxicity of PNs and SLNs can be highlighted by the studies carried out on
inorganic nanoparticulate formulations of TiO
2
. Nurkiewicz et al. [79] reported that compared with
fine particles, nanoparticle inhalation produced significantly greater microvascular dysfunction at a
similar mass pulmonary deposition. This study was based on the comparison of microvascular reac-
tivity of rats exposed to five doses of nano-TiO
2
(4 -38 μg depositions) with five doses of fine TiO
2
(8-90 μg depositions). The results found that 67 μg fine TiO
2
produced a similar effect as 10 μg
nano-TiO
2
, that is more than six times of fine particle compared with nanoparticle deposition is
