Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
7
Nanotoxicity of Polymeric and
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Dev Prasad and Harsh Chauhan
CONTENTS
7.1 Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles .............................................................................................. 141
7.2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques for Polymeric and Solid Lipid
Nanoparticles ........................................................................................................................ 142
7.3 Nanotoxicity of Polymeric and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ................................................... 142
7.3.1 Nanotoxicity Potential of PNs and SLNs .................................................................. 143
7.3.2 Potential Mechanism of Nanotoxicity ...................................................................... 145
7.3.2.1 Size of Nanoparticles ................................................................................. 145
7.3.2.2 Interaction of PNs and SLNs with Biological Systems .............................. 148
7.3.2.3 Physicochemical Characteristics of Polymers/Lipids Utilized
in Nanoparticles ......................................................................................... 149
7.3.2.4 Concentration of Polymers/Lipids Utilized in the Nanoparticles .............. 150
7.3.2.5 Conversion of Polymers/Lipids .................................................................. 151
7.3.2.6 Degradation of Polymeric/Lipid Nanoparticles ......................................... 151
7.3.2.7 Route of Administration of Polymeric/Lipid Nanoparticles...................... 151
7.3.2.8 Biocompatibility of Polymeric/Lipid Nanoparticles .................................. 152
7.3.2.9 Excipients/Residual Solvents Used during the Preparation
of Polymeric/Lipid Nanoparticles .............................................................. 152
7.4 Methods for Nanotoxicity Assessment ................................................................................. 152
7.4.1 Physicochemical Characterization............................................................................ 152
7.4.2 In Vitro Cell Culture Techniques .............................................................................. 152
7.4.2.1 Cell Viability Assay ................................................................................... 152
7.4.2.2 Cell Uptake Studies of Nanoparticles ........................................................ 153
7.4.2.3 Assays for Alteration in Gene Expression ................................................. 153
7.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 153
References ...................................................................................................................................... 154
7.1 PHARMACEUTICAL NANOPARTICLES
Nanoparticles, as the name suggest, are the particles in a size ranging between 1 and 1000 nm.
The utilization of nanoparticles, especially in the field of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences,
provides the flexibility to alter fundamental physical properties of compounds such as solubility,
diffusivity, half-life of drug in blood circulation, drug release characteristics, and immunogenic-
ity. A drug can be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to a nanoparticle matrix [1-3].
Over the years, a number of nanoparticulate systems have been developed for the treatment and
diagnosis of cancer, diabetes, pain, asthma, allergy, and infections among many other diseases
and conditions [4,5]. Further, the discovery of new chemical entities for better treatment and con-
trol of a wide spectrum of diseases has necessitated the use of these carrier systems for faster and
more efficient delivery. In the case of diagnostic applications, nanoparticles allow detection on the
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