Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 3.16
Nanomaterials, Their Size and Relative Cytotoxicity Index on Macrophage Cell
Mean Aggregate Size
(
μ
m)
Mean Particle Size
(nm)
Material
RCI (at 5
μ
g/mL)
RCI (at 10
μ
g/mL)
Ag (silver)
1
30
1.5
0.8
Ag (silver)
0.4
30
1.8
0.1
Al
2
O
3
0.7
50
0.7
0.4
Fe
2
O
3
0.7
50
0.9
0.1
ZrO
2
0.7
20
0.7
0.6
TiO
2
1
Fibers 5-15 nm dia.
0.3
0.05
TiO
2
2.5
20 nm
0.4
0.1
Si
3
N
4
1
60
0.4
0.06
Asbestos chrysolite
7
Fibers 20 nm dia. up
to 500 aspect ratio
1
1
Carbon black
0.5
20
0.8
0.6
Single-walled carbon
nanotubes
10
100 nm dia.
1.1
0.9
Multi-walled carbon
nanotubes
2
15 nm dia.
0.9
0.8
Source:
Data from Soto, K.F. et al. 2005.
J Nanoparticle Res
7: 145-169.
TABLE 3.17
Possible Mechanisms of Nanotoxicity Caused by Cationic Nanoparticles
Membrane Damage/Leakage/Thinning
Cationic Nanoparticles
Protein binding/unfolding responses/loss of function/fibrillation
TiO
2
, carbon nanoparticles
DNA cleavage and mutation
Ag nanoparticles
Mitochondrial damage: electron transfer/ATP/apoptosis
Ag and gold nanoparticles
Lysosomal damage: proton pump activity/lysis/frustrated
phagocytosis
Ag, gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes
(CNTs)
Inflammation: signaling cascade/cytokines/chemokines/adhesion
Metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g., TiO
2
) and CNTs
Fibrogenesis and tissue remodeling injury
CNTs
Blood platelet, vascular endothelial, and clotting abnormalities
SiO
2
Oxidative stress injury, radical production, GSH (glutathione)
depletion, lipid peroxidation, membrane oxidation, protein
oxidation.
CNTs, metal oxide nanoparticles, cationic
nanoparticles
Source:
Data from Ramakrishna, D. and Pragna, R. 2011.
J. Int. Fed. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med
22:1
.
REFERENCES
Alkilany, A.M., Nagaria, P.K., Hexel, C.R., Shaw, T.J., Murphy, C.J., Wyatt, M.D. 2009. Cellular uptake and
cytotoxicity of gold nanorods: Molecular origin of cytotoxicity and surface effects.
Small
5:701-708.
Asharani, P.V., LowKah, M.G., Hande, M.P., Valiyaveettil, S. 2009. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver
nanoparticles in human cells.
Am Chem Soc Nanotechnol
3:279-290.
Badea, I., Wettig, S., Verrall, R., Foldvari, M. 2007. Topical non-invasive gene delivery using gemini nanopar-
ticles in interferon-gamma-deficient mice.
Eur J Pharm Biopharm
65(3):414-422.
