Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 3.12
Studies on Toxicity Due to Type of Material Used
Toxicity/Organ
Affected
Type of Nanoparticle
Mechanism Involved/Results
Reference
Carbon nanotubes; ZnO
and TiO
2
NPs
Genotoxicity
CNTs also cause more DNA
damage and genotoxicity than
the spherical ZnO and TiO
2
NPs.
Yang et al. (2009)
ZnO nano and TiO
2
nano
Cytotoxicity
Nano-ZnO might also release zinc
ions into the cell culture
medium, potentially resulting in
greater cell damage.
Nanoparticles with positive
charge usually penetrate cells
more readily than do negatively
charged nanoparticles,
suggesting that nano ZnO has
greater potential to enter cells
and subsequently harm them
relative to nano-TiO
2
.
Hussain et al. (2009)
Harush-Frenkel et al. (2008)
Osaka et al. (2009)
Cadmium quantum dots
Cytotoxicity
Toxicity to be due to release of
highly toxic free Cd
2+
ions.
Derfus et al. (2004)
Kirchner et al. (2005)
PEG modified gold
nanorods
Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity due to presence of
very less amount of stabilizer
CTAB.
Niidome et al. (2006)
Silver nanoparticles
Argyria and
argyrosis/skin
and occular
tissues
The adverse effects classically
associated with excessive Ag
ingestion in humans are argyria
and argyrosis.
Varner et al. (2010)
Brandt et al. (2005)
TiO
2
nanoparticles
Myocardial lesions
Heart
TiO
2
nanoparticles are able to
induce high LDH, creatine
kinase (CK), alpha-
hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
(HBDH), and aspartate
aminotransferase (AST)
activities used as markers of
myocardial lesions, irrespective
of the form of TiO
2
, anatase or a
mixture of anatase and rutile, or
the route of exposure,
intraperitoneal injections in
mice, or oral gavage in rats.
Ivo et al. (2012).
TiO
2
nanoparticles
Hepatocyte
apoptosis
Liver
Li et al. analyzing the interactions
between anatase TiO
2
nanoparticles and the DNA
extracted by the liver of mice
intraperitoneally exposed. They
reported that nanoanatase TiO
2
could be inserted into DNA base
pairs, bind to DNA nucleotide,
and alter the secondary structure
of DNA. Moreover, nanoparticles
could cause liver DNA cleavage
and hepatocyte apoptosis.
Ivo et al. (2012).
