Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 3.9
Studies on Dose-Dependent Toxicity
Type of Nanoparticle
Toxicity/Organ Affected
Mechanism Involved/Results
Reference
TiO
2
nanoparticle
Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity
A dose- and time-dependent increase in oxidative stress has been
observed for TiO
2
nanoparticles; the anatase form generates the
greatest amount.
Hackenberg et al. (2010)
Barillet et al. (2010)
Carbon nanotubes SWCNT
Changes in cell morphology/
keratinocyte and bronchial epithelial
cells
High doses of SWCNT results in ROS generation, lipid peroxidation,
oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in cell
morphology.
Shvedova et al. (2003)
Sayes et al. (2006a,b,c)
Muller et al. (2005)
Carbon nanotubes
Chronic lung inlammation/rodents
Intratracheal administration of high doses of nanotubes demonstrated
foreing body granuloma formation and interstitial ibrosis
Warheit et al. (2004)
Silica nanoparticles
Dose-dependent cytotoxicity
15 and 46 nm of silica nanoparticles showed similar dose-dependent
cytotoxicity
in vitro
. Also increase in toxicity both at increasing
doses and at increasing exposure time.
Lin et al. (2006)
Silica nanoparticles
Membrane damage
High dose causes reduction in cell viability/cell proliferation and by
lactate dehyrogenase release from the cells indicating membrane
damage.
Chang et al. (2007)
Silver nanoparticles
Biliary hyperplasia
Liver
Adverse effects reported in AgNP oral dosing studies were mild and
were only evident at doses of 125 mg/kg and above. A lowest
observed adverse effects level (LOAEL) of 125 mg/kg in one 90 d
study using 60 nm AgNP in 0.5% CMC corresponded to elevated
cholesterol and cholestatic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase) and was
accompanied by biliary hyperplasia. The same group found similar
cholestatic enzyme effects and slight hemoconcentration at
300 mg/ kg with the same material in a 28 d study in rats. This
suggests that the biliary system may be a target for Ag accumulation
or metabolism.
Kim et al. (2010)
Gold nanoparticles
Hemolysis
Hemolysis in a select species of mouse
The toxicity of orally ingested AuNP at therapeutic or biologically
relevant doses is low, with only one study showing adverse effects
suggestive of hemolysis in one species (mouse) at doses of
1100 μg/ kg (1.1 mg/kg). Nevertheless, given the demonstrated
ability of small gold nanoparticle to enter cells and the known
toxicity of solubilized gold therapeutic agents, hemolysis should be
kept in mind.
Zhang et al. (2010c)
Ronconi et al. (2006)
Hillyer and Albrecht (2001)
