Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Appendix 2: Radioactive Elements, Minerals, and Rocks
Table 11.5 Natural gamma ray emitters
Nuclide
Mode of disintegration
Half-life
Uranium series
UI
92 U 238
ʱ
4.51 × 10 4 years
UX 1
90 Th234
ʲ
24.1 days
UX 2
91 Pa 234m
ʲ, IT
1.18 min
UZ
91 Pa 234
ʲ
6.66 h
UII
92 U 234
ʱ
2.48 × 10 4 years
Io
90 Th 230
ʱ
8.0 × 10 4 years
Ra
88 Ra 226
ʱ
1620 years
Rn
86 Em 222
ʱ
3.82 days
RaA
84 Po 218
ʱ, ʲ
3.05 min
RaA′
85 At 218
ʱ, ʲ
2 s
RaA″
86 Em 218
ʱ
1.3 s
RaB
82 Pb 214
ʲ
26.8 min
RaC
83 Bi 214
ʱ, ʲ
19.7 min
RaC′
84 Po 214
ʱ
1.6 × 10 −4 s
RaC″
81 TI 210
ʲ
1.32 min
RaD
82 Pb 210
ʲ
19.4 years
RaE
83 Bi 210
ʱ, ʲ
5.01 days
RaF
84 Po 210
ʱ
138.4 days
RaE′
81 TI 206
ʲ
4.2 min
RaG
82 Pb 206
Stable
Thorium series
Th
90 Th 232
ʱ
1.42 × 10 10 yr
MsTh 1
88 Ra 228
ʲ
6.7 years
MsTh 2
89 Ac 228
ʲ
6.13 h
RdTh
90 Th 228
ʱ
1.91 years
ThX
88 Ra 224
ʱ
3.64 days
Tn
86 Em 220
ʱ
51.5 s
ThA
84 Po 216
ʱ
0.16 s
ThB
82 Pb 212
ʲ
10.6 h
ThC
83 Bi 212
ʱ, ʲ
60.5 min
ThC′
84 Po 212
ʱ
0.30 ʼs
ThC
81 T 208
ʲ
3.10 min
ThD
82 Pb 208
Stable
 
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