Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Appendix 2: Radioactive Elements, Minerals, and Rocks
Table 11.5
Natural gamma ray emitters
Nuclide
Mode of disintegration
Half-life
Uranium series
UI
92
U
238
ʱ
4.51 × 10
4
years
UX
1
90
Th234
ʲ
24.1 days
UX
2
91
Pa
234m
ʲ, IT
1.18 min
UZ
91
Pa
234
ʲ
6.66 h
UII
92
U
234
ʱ
2.48 × 10
4
years
Io
90
Th
230
ʱ
8.0 × 10
4
years
Ra
88
Ra
226
ʱ
1620 years
Rn
86
Em
222
ʱ
3.82 days
RaA
84
Po
218
ʱ, ʲ
3.05 min
RaA′
85
At
218
ʱ, ʲ
2 s
RaA″
86
Em
218
ʱ
1.3 s
RaB
82
Pb
214
ʲ
26.8 min
RaC
83
Bi
214
ʱ, ʲ
19.7 min
RaC′
84
Po
214
ʱ
1.6 × 10
−4
s
RaC″
81
TI
210
ʲ
1.32 min
RaD
82
Pb
210
ʲ
19.4 years
RaE
83
Bi
210
ʱ, ʲ
5.01 days
RaF
84
Po
210
ʱ
138.4 days
RaE′
81
TI
206
ʲ
4.2 min
RaG
82
Pb
206
Stable
Thorium series
Th
90
Th
232
ʱ
1.42 × 10
10
yr
MsTh
1
88
Ra
228
ʲ
6.7 years
MsTh
2
89
Ac
228
ʲ
6.13 h
RdTh
90
Th
228
ʱ
1.91 years
ThX
88
Ra
224
ʱ
3.64 days
Tn
86
Em
220
ʱ
51.5 s
ThA
84
Po
216
ʱ
0.16 s
ThB
82
Pb
212
ʲ
10.6 h
ThC
83
Bi
212
ʱ, ʲ
60.5 min
ThC′
84
Po
212
ʱ
0.30 ʼs
ThC
′
81
T
208
ʲ
3.10 min
ThD
82
Pb
208
Stable
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