Ecotoxicology of Manufactured Nanoparticles - Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology - page 282

Table 7.2 Summary of toxicity testing results for manufactured nanomaterials.

Nanomaterial Size Fraction
(nm)

Test Medium Test species End point Reference

n-C 60 water
solubilised

Nominally
10-200

Standard US
EPA medium

Water fl ea Daphnia magna Zhu et al. , 2006

48-h LC 50 > 35 mg/l

n-C 60 THF
extract

Nominally
10-200

Moderately hard
freshwater
US EPA protocol

Water fl ea Daphnia magna 48-h LC 50 0.8 mg/l Zhu et al. , 2006

n-C 60 water
solubilised

Average
diameter 30

Moderately hard
freshwater
US EPA protocol

Water fl ea Daphnia magna 48-h LC 50 5.5 mg/l Lovern and

Klaper, 2006

n-C 60 THF
extract

10-20 Moderately hard

freshwater
US EPA protocol

Water fl ea Daphnia magna 48-h LC 50 0.46 mg/l; NOEC

150

Lovern and
Klaper. 2006 µ g/l

n-C 60 water
solubilised,

Nominal 10-200 Synthetic hard
water

Water fl ea Daphnia magna 40% mortality at 2.5 mg/l

over 21 days. No acute
toxicity up to 35 mg/l

Oberdorster et
al. , 2006a

n-C 60 THF
extract

Nominally
10-200

Standard US
EPA medium

Fathead minnow Pimephales

promelas

0.5 mg/l 100% mortality in
6-18 h

Zhu et al. , 2006

n-C 60 water
solubilised ,

Nominally
10-200

Standard US
EPA medium

Fathead minnow Pimephales

promelas

0.5 mg/l no effects after 48 h Zhu et al. , 2006

n-C 60 THF
extract

Nominally
30-100

Synthetic hard
water

Juvenile large-
mouth bass

Mycropterus
salmoides

0.8 mg/l 100% mortality in
6-18 h

Oberdorster,
2004

n-C 60 water
solubilised ,

Nominally
10-200

Synthetic hard
water

Freshwater
crustacea

Hyalella azteca No toxicity below 7 mg/l Oberdorster et

al. , 2006a

n-C 60 water
solubilised ,

Nominally
10-200

Synthetic hard
water

Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes No acute toxicity at 0.5 mg/l

for 96 h

Oberdorster et
al. , 2006a

n-C 60 THF
extract

100 nm
aggregates

Synthetic hard
water

Zebrafi sh embryos Danio rerio 1.5 mg/l was toxic Zhu et al. , 2007

SWCNT
purifi ed

Not reported Seawater Meiobenthic

copepods

No effects at 10 mg/l.
Evidence of ingestion and
aggregation

Amphiascus
tenuiremis

Templeton et
al. , 2006