Intellectual Property and Development of Transgenic Horticultural Crops - Transgenic Horticultural Crops: Challenges and Opportunities - page 230

a.patent.are.clearly.important.and.FTO.can.be.improved.if.public-sector.institutions.
systematically.consider.how,.when,.and.if.to.use.the.patent.system.to.support.broad.
innovation. 17 .Even.when.using.the.patent.system,.PIPRA.encourages.its.members.to.
reserve.rights.to.use.their.newest.and.best.technologies.for.humanitarian.purposes,.
particularly.when.they.issue.exclusive.commercial.licenses. 18 .For.U.S..agriculture,.
it.is.also.important.to.use.licensing.strategies.that.promote.commercialization.of.
technologies. for. both. large. and. small. acreage. crops.. Thus,. for. technologies. with.
potential.applications.in.many.crops,.instead.of.granting.an.exclusive.license.for.all.
ields.and.in.all.crops,.it.may.be.prudent.to.license.for.a.speciic.ield-of-use.or.spe-
ciic.crop.and.retain.rights.to.use.the.technology,.or.to.issue.additional.licenses,.for.
the.development.of.other.crops.that.may.not.be.within.the.commercial.interests.of.
large.companies..The.anticipated.beneits.of.a.collective.IP.management.regime.are.
to.enable.an.effective.assessment.of.FTO.issues.to.overcome.the.fragmentation.of.
public-sector.IPR.and.re-establish.the.necessary.FTO.in.agricultural.biotechnology.
for.the.public.good.and.to.enhance.private.sector.interactions.by.more.eficiently.
identifying.collective.commercial.licensing.opportunities.
Among.PIPRA's.core.activities.is.working.with.scientists.and.funding.agencies.
on.a.project-speciic.basis.to.understand.the.underlying.FTO,.IP,.and.TP.necessary.
to. develop. and. deploy.agricultural.biotechnology. projects..Based.on.this.informa-
tion,.PIPRA.works.with.scientists.and.technology.managers.to.design.and.implement.
strategies.to.access.and.negotiate.third.party.rights..PIPRA.offers.services.to.develop.
patent.landscapes.in.particular.technology.spaces,.for.example,.gene.suppression.in.
plant.biotechnology. 19
Delmer.et.al..described.other.initiatives.designed.to.play.roles.in.enabling.access.
to. IPRs. for. the. development. of. crops,. including. horticultural. crops,. the. African.
Agricultural. Technology. Foundation,. and. CAMBIA. 20 . The. African. Agricultural.
Technology. Foundation. focuses. on. negotiating. access. to. proprietary. technologies.
for.the.beneit.of.smallholder.farmers.in.Sub-Saharan.Africa.(www.aatf-africa.org). 21 .
CAMBIA. offers. a. number. of. resources. and. initiatives. to. promote. innovation.
(www.cambia.org).
In.particular,.foundations.with.an.interest.in.supporting.broad.innovation.as.well.
as.corporations.and.corporate.foundations.whose.future.depends.on.the.broad.accep-
tance. of. biotechnology. in. both. agronomic. and. horticultural. crops. are. likely. to. be.
important.sponsors.of.activities.to.enable.access.to.IPRs.

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