Intellectual Property and Development of Transgenic Horticultural Crops - Transgenic Horticultural Crops: Challenges and Opportunities - page 222

TABLE 10.1 (continued)
Overview of IP Protection Systems

Means of
Protection

What Can Be
Protected

How to
Protect Term of Protection Rights of the Owner

Copyright Literary.works,.

software,.
dramatic.works,.
music,.pictures,.
sound.
recordings,.
architectural.
works,.and.
movies

Apply.for.
federal.
registration

Life.of.the.author.plus.
70.years

Right.to.prevent.
unauthorized.
copying.or.public.
performance

Trade.
secrets

Any.technical.or.
business.
information.that.
is.secret.and.that.
gives.the.holder.
an.advantage.
over.a.competitor.
who.does.not.
have.the.
information

Keep.secret;.
no.
registration.
available

Unlimited.duration.as.
long.as.the.subject.
matter.is.secret

Right.to.prevent.
unlawful.use

Sources: . Modiied. from. Dodds,. J.. et. al.,. Plants,. germplasm,. Genebanks,. and. intellectual. property:.
Principles,. options,. and. management,. in. Intellectual Property Management in Health and
Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices ,. MIHR. (Oxford,. U.K.). and. PIPRA.
(Davis,. CA),. 2007;. Dodds,. J.. and. Krattiger,. A.,. The. statutory. toolbox:. An. introduction,. in.
Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best
Practices ,.MIHR.(Oxford,.U.K.).and.PIPRA.(Davis,.CA),.2007.

the.methods. embodied. in.the.invention. such.as.plant.transformation.and. selection.
methods..Utility.patents.may.protect.different.aspects.of.the.invention..For.instance,.
Calgene.Inc.,.now.Monsanto.Company,.used.a.series.of.claims.in.the.family.of.utility.
patents.to.protect.the.irst.horticultural.biotechnology.crop,.the.FlavrSavr™.tomato.
that.was.genetically.engineered.to.suppress.the.expression.of.the.tomato.fruit.rip-
ening. polygalacturonase. enzyme.. Using. a. portfolio. of. patents,. the. company. pro-
tected.the.DNA.sequence.of.the.enzyme,.a.DNA.construct.to.suppress.the.enzyme.
expression. in. plants,. the. transgenic. tomato. cell,. and. even,. the. overall. method. for.
antisense-based. gene. suppression. of. this. or. any. other. gene.. In. the. United. States,.
plant. and. utility. patents. are. awarded. by. the. United. States. Patent. and. Trademark.
Ofice.(USPTO).
A.more.widely.employed.international.legal.system.to.award.rights.to.breeders.
was.created.in.Europe.through.The. International Union for the Protection of New
Varieties of Plants ,. UPOV ,.commonly.referred.to.as.Plant.Breeder's.Rights.(PBRs). 1,3 .
The.original.international.convention.that.established.UPOV.was.held.in.1961,.and.