Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
10
Intellectual Property
and Development
of Transgenic
Horticultural Crops
Cecilia L. Chi-Ham and Alan B. Bennett
CONTENTS
Intellectual.Property.in.Horticultural.Biotechnology............................................. 219
Types.of.Intellectual.Property.to.Protect.Horticultural.Inventions......................... 220
Freedom.to.Operate................................................................................................ 224
Strategies.for.IP.Access.......................................................................................... 228
References.............................................................................................................. 230
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN HORTICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
For. centuries,. horticulturists. have. applied. science. and. art. to. genetically. improve.
edible. and. ornamental. plant. varieties.. Horticultural. industries. have. produced. new.
lowers,.fruit.and.perennial.trees,.landscape.plants,.and.vegetables..Also,.the.indus-
try. has. provided. technological. advances. to. improve. plant. cultivation. and. posthar-
vest. practices.. The. time. and. economic. investment. by. plant-breeding. programs. is.
signiicant.because.it.may.take.decades.for.the.development.of.a.new.plant.variety.
or. improved. seed.. Historically,. breeders'. inventions. have. been. freely. distributed,.
diminishing.the.incentive.to.invest.and.the.ability.to.capture.value..In.order.to.rec-
oncile. societal. needs. for. new. crops,. recognize. breeders'. creativity,. and. provide. a.
means.that.ensures.inancial.returns.for.the.economic.investment,.international.and.
national.legal.intellectual.property.protections.systems.have.been.developed..As.a.
consequence,.there.is.an.increasing.need.for.horticultural.scientists.to.complement.
their.technical.knowledge.with.intellectual.property.information.and.awareness.
This.chapter.is.intended.to.provide.horticulturists.with.an.understanding.of.intel-
lectual. property. issues. affecting. the. development. and. deployment. of. genetically.
engineered.horticultural.crops..The.chapter.is.divided.into.three.sections..First,.we.
describe. the. different. forms. of. intellectual. and. tangible. property. rights. and. their.
application.in.the.development.of.horticultural.crops,.particularly.transgenic.crops..
The.second.part.of.the.chapter.addresses.scientists'.increasing.needs.to.complement.
their. technical. knowledge. with. intellectual. property. information. and. awareness..
219
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