Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Many. people. have. moral. or. religious. objections. to. GM.. Some. groups. see.
intragenic s.as.being.more.acceptable.because.genes.are.transferred.between.two.
breeds.of.the.same.species.
Financial Impact
GM.seeds.and.other.organisms.are.produced.by.businesses.that.seek.proits..For.
farmers. to. switch. to. GM. crops,. they. must. see. beneits. from. making. a. change..
Consumers. must. also. see. beneits. from. consuming. GM. foods—lower. price. or.
enhanced.consumer.attributes..However,.GM.technology.may.lead.to.changes.in.
the.organization.of.the.agri-business.industry.and.farming.
Environmental Impact
The. long-term. effects. of. GM. on. the. environment. are. largely. unknown..
Bioengineered. insect. resistance. has. reduced. farmers'. applications. of. envi-
ronmentally.hazardous.insecticides,.but.resistance.to.this.bio-control.system.
will.increase.over.time..More.studies.are.occurring.to.help.assess.the.impact.
of. bioengineered.plants. on.the. environment..Some.studies. reported. harm.to.
Monarch.butterlies.from.GM.crops,.but.other.scientists.were.not.able.to.rec-
reate.the.results.
Enhanced. consumer. attributes,. such. as. vitamins,. antioxidants,. and. longer.
shelf.life.due.to. intragenics .pose.no.known.environmental.hazards.
REFERENCES
. 1.. Alston,. J.M.,. K.. Bradford,. and. N.. Kalaitzandonakes.. The. economics. of. horticultural.
biotechnology.. Journal of Crop Improvemen t,.18,.413,.2006.
. 2.. Bradford,.K.J..and.J.M..Alston..Diversity.of.horticultural.biotech.crops.contributes.to.
market.hurdles.. California Agriculture ,.58,.84,.2004.
. 3.. Alcamo,.I.E.. DNA Technology ,.2nd.edn..New.York:.Harcourt.Academic.Press..1999.
. 4.. Soil.Association.. Flavr-Savr.tomato.&. GM. tomato. puree:.The. failure.of.the. irst.GM.
foods..Brieing.Paper,.November.29,.2005..Available.at:.http://www.soilassociation.org/
web/sa/sweb.nsf/.(accessed.April.11,.2007).
. 5.. Fernandez-Cornejo,.J..and.M..Caswell..The.irst.decade.of.genetically.engineered.crops.
in.the.United.States..USDA-ERS,. Economic Information Bulletin ,.No..11,.April.2006.
. 6.. Zilberman,.D..The.economics.of.biotechnology.regulation..In.R.E..Just,.J.M..Alston.and.
D.. Zilberman,. eds.,. Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology :. Economics and Policy ..
New.York:.Springer,.2006,.pp..243-261.
. 7.. Gonsalves,.D..and.S..Ferreira..Transgenic.papaya:.A.case.of.managing.risks.of.papaya.
ringspot.virus.in.Hawaii.. Plan Health Progress ,.November.13,.2003.(6pp).
. 8.. Gonsalves,.D..Transgenic.papaya.in.Hawaii.and.beyond.. AgBioForum ,.7,.36,.2004.
. 9.. Zilberman,. D.. The. economics. of. pesticide. usage.. Department. of. Agricultural. and.
Resource. Economics,. University. of. California. Berkeley,. 2004.. Available. at:. http://
are.berkeley.edu/%7Ezilber/.(accessed.April.12,.2007).
. 10.. Rommens,. C.M.,. J.M.. Humara,. J..Ye,. H..Yan,. C.. Richael,. L.. Zhang,. R.. Perry,. and.
K..Swords..Crop.improvement.through.modiication.of.the.plant's.own.genome.. Plant
Physiology ,135,.421,.2004.
. 11.. Rommens,.C.M.,.O..Bougri,.H..Yan,.J.M..Humara,.J..Owen,.K..Swords,.and.J..Ye..Plant-
derived.transfer.DNAs.. Plant Physiology ,.139,.1338,.2005.
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