Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Biolistic Bombardment
The.biolistic.process.has.been.successfully.applied.to.grape;.however,.the.equipment.
and.expertise.required.together.with.the.degree.of.optimization.needed.to.establish.a.
suitable.bombardment.protocol.for.speciic.cultivars.have.limited.the.value.and.wide.
scale. application. of. this. technology.. It. was. initially. tested. using. embryogenic. cell.
suspensions.of.'Chancellor',.a.
Vitis
.complex.interspeciic.hybrid,.and.then.success-
fully.extended.to.
Vitis vinifera
.cultivars.'Chardonnay'.and.'Merlot'.
27,28
t
ranSIent
e
xpreSSIon
Agrobacterium
-mediated.transient.assays.have.become.an.important.tool.for.gene.
function. analysis.. Two. high. quality. draft. genome. sequences. have. been. reported.
for. grapevine.
29,30
. They. are. the. irst. genome. sequences. produced. for. a. fruit. crop.
and. will. stimulate. the. search. for. rapid. functional. genomics. screening. systems..
Agroiniltration. has. been. used. to. transform. leaves. of. in. vitro. cultured. grapevine.
plants.
31
.Conversely,.transient.transformation.in.grape.berry.skin.has.been.achieved.
by. treating. half-cut. berries. with. an.
A. tumefaciens
. suspension.
32
. In. intact. fruit.
of. citrus,. eficient. transgene. expression. was. accomplished. through. injection. of.
Agrobacterium
.into.the.fruit.
33
Viral. vectors. represent.an. alternative.transient. expression. system.that. has. been.
shown.to.be.a.useful.strategy.for.overexpression.or.silencing.of.plant.genes.in.annu-
als.. RNA. virus-based. vectors,. carrying. a. green. luorescent. protein. coding. gene,.
have. been. developed. for. citrus. trees.. The. most. successful. vectors. were. unusually.
stable.and.continued.producing.luorescence.more.than.4.years.after.inoculation.of.
Citrus macrophylla
.seedlings.
34
r
ootStock
t
ranSformatIon
Nearly. all. commercial. fruit. trees. are. propagated. vegetatively.. Generally,. cuttings.
or.buds.from.desired.varieties.are.grafted.onto.rootstocks.selected.for.adaptation.to.
speciic. soil. conditions. and. resistance. to. root-destroying. diseases. and. insects.. For.
this.reason,.genetic.transformation.of.rootstocks.has.been.oriented.to.improve.these.
characteristics.. However,. rootstock. genetic. engineering. can. be. directed. to. modify.
the. properties. of. the. scion.. Currently,. the. signal. peptide. sequences. derived. from.
mRNAs. found. in. grape. xylem. exudates. are. being. evaluated. for. delivery. of. thera-
peutic.proteins.into.the.xylem.
35
.Such.transgenic.products,.if.synthesized.in.a.root-
stock,.could.move.through.the.graft.union.and.confer.resistance.to.xylem-speciic.
infections.such.as.
Xylella fastidiosa
,.a.Gram-negative.bacterium.that.causes.Pierce's.
disease.(PD).in.grapevines.
INPUT TRAITS
Genetic. transformation. is. a. tool. for. creating. new. fruit. and. nut. tree. crop. varieties.
with.improved.input.traits,.which.enhance.agronomic.characteristics.and.crop.per-
formance,.conferring.great.beneit.to.growers..Traditional.breeding.to.improve.input.
traits.like.resistance.to.pathogens.and.insects.is.very.ineficient,.labor-intensive,.and.
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