Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
inwardly coiled chamber (Knudsen & Mori, 1996). Nectar is secreted by an
intrastaminal nectary, sometimes enlarged and covering the top of the ovary,
or less developed in Lecythidoideae and Napoleonaeoideae, but in Foetidi-
oideae and Planchonioideae there are associated appendages (with anthers or
sterile) in the coiled part of the hood that produce nectar (Mori et al., 1978;
Cronquist, 1981; Frame & Durou, 2001; Prance, 2004; Prance & Mori, 2004).
In
Maesaceae
, there is a gynoecial nectary on the top of the semi-inferior
ovary (Vogel, 1997; Caris et al., 2000). In
Marcgraviaceae
, nectaries are
present on the floral bracts transformed into variously shaped nectaries, often
conspicuously coloured, that are systematically important at the genus level
(Elias, 1983; Oliveira & Oliveira, 1991; Dressler, 2004); nevertheless, these
nectaries seem not to mediate in the pollination process (Tschapka & von
Helversen, 1999).
Pentaphylacaceae
is considered devoid of nectaries, but
some observations (that have to be confirmed) suggest that there are nectar-
ies, either as rings around the base of the ovary in
Pentaphylax
and other
genera, within the staminal ring in
Cleyera
, or on top of the ovary in
Sym-
plocarpon
(Weitzmann et al., 2004). In
Polemoniaceae
, an intrastaminal
receptacular annular nectary, which may be entire to lobed, is found around
the ovary base (Cronquist, 1981; Smets, 1986; Wilken, 2004).
Primulaceae
has typical annular gynoecial nectaries at the base of the ovary, but stami-
nodes are not nectariferous (Vogel, 1986, 1997; Caris et al., 2000; Caris &
Smets, 2004); in addition, scattered trichomes on the ovary surface were re-
ported as nectariferous in
Glaux
(Vogel, 1997). In
Sapotaceae
, the flowers
secrete nectar and the nectary is morphologically poorly differentiated and
represented only by a small ring around the ovary base (Pennington, 2004).
In
Sarraceniaceae
, only the genus
Sarracenia
yields nectar as floral reward,
produced by many small epidermal glands on the external ovary wall (Vogel
1998a). In
Styracaceae
, there is an annular ovarian nectary surrounding its
base (Fahn, 1979; Saraiva et al., 1988). In
Symplocaceae
, there are gynoe-
cial nectaries (annular, cylindrical, or five-lobed) located at the base of the
style of inferior to semi-inferior ovaries that are often covered by an indu-
mentum (Caris et al., 2002; Nooteboom, 2004). According to Cronquist
(1981), the base of the filaments and the ovary base are nectariferous in
Theaceae
; there are no reports on the anatomy, but many on the nectar, in-
cluding the toxicity for bees of the nectar of a
Camellia
species (Adler, 2000;
Rho & Choe, 2003; French et al., 2005).
Theophrastaceae
is reported to
have nectar-secreting staminodes (Cronquist, 1981; Vogel, 1986; Caris &
Smets, 2004), although secretion was not always noted; glandular trichomes
on floral parts may produce small quantities of nectar (Vogel, 1986).
