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inferior ovary (Kjuit, 1969; Galetto et al., 1990). It was suggested that the
petals may be nectariferous at the base (Cronquist, 1981), but anatomical
studies demonstrated that they do not have secretory tissue, at least not in the
studied species (Galetto et al., 1990). The dioecious Misodendraceae has
male flowers with a small, lobed nectary disc, but the long feathery stigmata
of the female flowers suggest wind pollination (Cronquist (1981). In Olaca-
ceae , Cronquist (1981) notes intrastaminal annular nectaries or extrastaminal
nectaries, either annular or consisting of separate glands alternate with the
petals. For Opiliaceae , intrastaminal nectaries have been identified, consist-
ing of distinct or more or less connate nectaries alternating with the stamens
(Cronquist, 1981); some species are anemophilous (Bullock, 1994), suggesting
that in these cases the receptacle is not nectariferous. In Santalaceae , nectaries
are well-demonstrated as intrastaminal and commonly surrounding the ovary
(Kjuit, 1969; Cronquist, 1981; Bhaskar, 1992; Aronne et al., 1993).
Saxifragales. Some families have no nectaries and inconspicuous flowers,
and are probably anemophilous: Altingiaceae (Endress, 1993b), Cercidiphyl-
laceae (Endress, 1993a), and Haloragaceae (Cronquist, 1981). Alternatively,
other families are nectar-secreting and animal-pollinated. In Crassulaceae ,
nectaries are small appendages or scales borne externally at the lower back of
the carpels near the base (Cronquist, 1981; Said, 1982); occasionally they can
be larger and petaloid (Cronquist, 1981). For Grossulariaceae , Cronquist
(1981) pointed out a lobed receptacular nectary internal to the stamens. In
Hamamelidaceae , nectaries occur at different sites: a receptacular ring in
the form of ten fleshy knobs that may not always be secretory (Endress,
1993b), on the petal bases (Endress, 1993b), or on staminodes (Mione &
Bogle, 1990; Anderson & Hill, 2002); there are also some wind-pollinated,
presumably nectarless, taxa (Endress, 1989). Paeoniaceae has nectaries on
the sepals and floral bracts (Zimmermann, 1932; Elias, 1983; Sánchez-
Lafuente, 2002); these nectaries are generally considered extrafloral though
located on the flower. For Saxifragaceae , the nectary is normally intrasta-
minal and annular, found on the receptacle between the base of the stamens
and the ovary (Bensel & Palser, 1975a, b; Cronquist, 1981; Smets, 1986),
but it is considered gynoecial as well (Decraene et al., 1998).
3.8.9
Rosids
Amongst the Rosids, receptacular (intra- or interstaminal) and hypanthial
nectaries are most frequent, followed by ovarian and staminal types.
Crossosomatales. Most families— Aphloiaceae , Crossosomataceae , Ixer-
baceae , Geissolomataceae , Staphyleaceae , and Strasburgeriaceae —have
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