Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Austrobaileyales.
Pollination is performed by wind and insects, with pollen
as reward (Endress, 1980, 2001; Thien et al., 2000; Bernhardt et al., 2003),
although stigmatic nectar has also been observed (Endress, 1990).
Chloranthaceae.
Flowers show great reduction and a trend towards wind
pollination; although some taxa are insect-pollinated, no nectaries have been
reported so far (von Balthazar & Endress, 1999; Tosaki et al., 2001; Doyle
et al., 2003).
3.8.2
Magnoliids
Canellales.
Stigmatic nectar has only been reported in some
Winteraceae
(Gottsberger et al., 1980; Thien, 1980; Lloyd & Wells, 1992).
Piperales.
No nectaries have been found in
Degeneriaceae
(Kubitzki,
1993c),
Hydnoraceae
(Meijer, 1993),
Lactoridaceae
(Bernardello et al.,
1999), and
Saururaceae
(Thien et al., 1994). In
Aristolochiaceae
there is
normally a saprophagous fly-pollination system that includes floral scents,
sepal nectaries, and trap-and-release mechanisms (Daumann, 1959; Faegri
& van der Pijl, 1979; Vogel, 1998a; Sakai, 2002), whereas in
Piperaceae,
Vogel (1998a) recently reported nectariferous bracts, a phenomenon that
might be more widespread in the family.
Laurales.
The families
Calycanthaceae
and
Siparunaceae
are devoid of
nectaries (except for nectariferous tepals in one species of the latter; Vogel,
1998a), whereas
Atherospermataceae
,
Gomortegaceae
,
Hernandiaceae
,
Lauraceae
, and higher
Monimiaceae
taxa have large nectary glands on the
filament bases (Fahn, 1979; Cronquist, 1981; Rohwer, 1993; Smets, 1986;
Kubitzki, 1993a; Endress & Lorence, 2004). Renner (1999) considered that
these filament glands were independently lost in higher Monimiaceae and in
Siparunaceae. The loss would have been concomitant with pollinator
changes from nectar-foraging flies and bees to beetles and gall midges.
Magnoliales.
Most families are beetle-pollinated and have no nectaries
(
Degeneriaceae
,
Eupomatiaceae
,
Himantandraceae
, and
Myristicaceae
).
Deceit pollination occurs in some cases (Armstrong, 1997; Dieringer et al.,
1999). Petal nectaries have been observed only in some
Annonaceae
(Kessler,
1988; Endress, 1990; Silberbauer-Gottsberger et al., 2003) and
Magnoliaceae
(Thien, 1974; Huang et al., 1999). Stigmatic nectaries have been observed
in Annonaceae (Endress, 1990) and Magnoliaceae (Endress, 1990; Allain
et al., 1999), and staminal nectaries in Annonaceae (Endress, 1990) and
Schisandraceae
(Thien et al., 1983; Endress, 1990). Nevertheless, precise
