INVENTING NATURE IN WASHINGTON, D.C. - Inventing for the Environment - page 80

of the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway and its successor, the George Washington
Memorial Parkway, see “MountVernon Memorial Highway and the Evolution of the
American Parkway” and “Mount Vernon Memorial Highway: Changing Concep-
tions of an American Commemorative Landscape,” in Places of Commemoration, Search
for Identity and Landscape Design, ed. J. Wolschke-Bulmahn (Washington: Dumbarton
Oaks, 2000), 123-176.
50. For a summary of Washington's postwar transportation plans, see Gutheim, Wor-
thy of the Nation, 229-248, 271-343. For one of the most ambitious attempts to
convert parkland into freeways, see J. E. Greiner Company and De Leuw, Cather &
Company, Transportation Plans for Washington (prepared for Board of Commissioners,
District of Columbia, 1946), which included the proposal for elevated freeways
flanking the Mall.
51. For a chronicle of Washington's postwar parkway and freeway battles, see
Davis, “Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway,” 192-209; Davis, “Mount Vernon
Memorial Highway and the Evolution of the American Parkway,” 787-885; Barry
Mackintosh,“Shootout at the Old C. & O. Canal:The Great Parkway Controversy,”
Maryland Historical Magazine 90 (1995), summer, 141-163.
52. Washington Present and Future: A General Summary of the Comprehensive Plan for
the National Capital and Its Environs. Monograph No. 1 (NCP&PC, 1950); Open Spaces
and Community Services: A Portion of the Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital
and Its Environs. Monograph No. 4 (NCP&PC, 1950).
53. NCPC, Year 2000 Policies Plan (NCPC, 1961); Ian McHarg, Toward a Compre-
hensive Landscape Plan for Washington, D.C. (NCPC, 1967). Runte summarized the
influence of the ecology and environmentalism movements on the national parks
in National Parks:The American Experience, 181-208. Stanford Demars perceptively
critiqued the growing dominance of ecology-based park management in The Tourist
in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (University of Utah Press, 1991), 122-158. Allston Chase
called attention to the scientific shortcomings of purportedly ecological park plan-
ning policies in Playing God in Yellowstone:The Destruction of America's First National
Park (Harcourt Brace, 1987).
54. National Capital Open Space Program, Technical Report No. 3: Outdoor Recre-
ation in the National Capital Region (Washington: National Capital Regional Plan-
ning Council, 1965); Davis,“Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway,Washington, D.C.:
The Evolution of a Contested Urban Landscape,” 215; idem, “Mount Vernon
Memorial Highway and the Evolution of the American Parkway,” 900-902; Mack-
intosh,“Rock Creek Park: An Administrative History,” 89-94; Roger Moore, Con-
flicts on Multiple-Use Trails: Synthesis of the Literature and State of the Practice (Federal
Highway Administration, 1994).