Environmental Engineering Reference
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develop meaningful collaborations between the agencies, communities, and the public.
There are emerging models of various forms of collaborative partnerships (for example,
the Greater Flagstaff Forest Partnership in Arizona, the Applegate Partnership in Oregon,
the Four Corners Sustainable Forests Partnership in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico,
and Utah) working to reduce the threat of fire while restoring the forest for its full suite of
values. Success of such collaborations depends on meaningful community collaboration,
human and financial resources, and adequate scientific support to make well-informed
management recommendations. Congress, federal agencies, universities, and non-
governmental organizations must support these communities to help them achieve success.
The time to act is now. Ecological restoration provides the solid foundation for helping
these damaged ecosystems recover, and adaptive management is the only viable approach
for dealing with the forest health crisis. Together they will allow us to move forward at the
pace and at the scale that we must, learning as we go.
References
1. Sackett, D.L., Foreword, in W.A. Silverman, ed., Where's the Evidence?: Debates in Modern
Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
2. Flader, S., Thinking Like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude Toward
Deer, Wolves, and Forests (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1974).
3. Leopold, A., Grass, brush, timber, and fire in southern Arizona, Journal of Forestry 22: 1-10, 1924.
4. Weaver, H., Fire as an ecological factor in the southwestern pine forests, Journal of Forestry 49:
93-98, 1995.
5. Cooper, C.F., Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forests since
white settlement, Ecological Monographs 30: 129-164, 1960.
6. Covington, W.W. and S.S. Sackett, The effects of a prescribed burn in Southwestern ponderosa
pine on organic matter and nutrients in woody debris and forest floor, Forest Science 30:
183-192, 1984.
7. Covington, W.W., R.L. Everett, R.W. Steele, L.I. Irwin, T.A. Daer, and A.N.D. Auclair, Historical
and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems of the Inland West of the United States, Sustainable
Forestry 2: 13-63, 1994.
8. Covington, W.W., P.Z. Fulé, M.M. Moore, S.C. Hart, T.E. Kolb, J.N. Mast, S.S. Sackett, and
M.R. Wagner, Restoring ecosystem health in ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest, Journal of
Forestry 95: 23-29, 1997.
9. General Accounting Office, Western forests: Catastrophic fires threaten resources and
communities, Report GAO T-RCED-98-273, 23 pp. (Washington, DC: United States Government
Printing Office, 1998).
10. Walters, C.J. and C.S. Holling, Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing,
Ecology 71: 2060-2068, 1990.
11. Covington, W.W., Restoring ecosystems health in frequent-fire forests of the American West,
Ecological Restoration 21: 7-11, 2003.
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