Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Continent /Country
Site
Frequency (%)
Reference
Africa
Niger
Kaduna
9.0
A
Maikai et al. (2008)
Americas
U.S.A.
Connecticut
14.4
T
Chorazy & Richardson (2005)
Argentina
Buenos Aires
13.2
T
Fonrouge et al. (2000)
79,36
T
6,9
A
Brazil
Fernandopólis
Cassenote et al. (2011)
Itabuna
47.9
A
Campos Filho et al. (2008)
Mirante do
Paranapanema
76.9
T
Santarém et al. (2010)
Praia Grande
45.9
A
Castro et al. (2005)
Ribeirão Preto
20.5
T
Capuano & Rocha (2005)
São Paulo
29.7
T
Muradian et al. (2005)
Sorocaba
53.3
T
Coelho et al. (2001)
Chile
Santiago
66.7
T
Castillo et al. (2000)
Ciudad
Bolívar
Venezuela
61.1
A
Devera et al. (2008)
Asia
Japan
Tokushima
63.3
T
Shimizu (1993)
Thailand
Bangkok
5.71
T
Wiwanitkit & Waenlor (2004)
Turkey
Ankara
45.0
T
Avcioglu & Burgu (2008)
Kirikkale
15.6
T
Aydenizöz-Ozkayhan (2006)
Europe
Ireland
Dublin 15.0
T
O'Lorcain (1994)
Italy March 33.6
T
Hábluetzel et al. (2003)
Table 1. Frequency (%) of soil contamination of public areas by
Toxocara
spp. eggs
T
and
Ancylostoma
spp. eggs/larvae
A
in different continents.
Zhu et al. (2001) constructed specific primers for
T. canis
and
T. cati
DNA amplification by
the PCR technique, by extracting genomic material from adult worms from dogs and cats.
Previously, Jacobs et al. (1997) obtained genomic material from adult worms or from
embryonated eggs collected from the uteri of female worm, and devised a polymerase chain
reaction-linked to restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-linked RFLP) targeting
the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for
Toxocara
spp.
and other zoonotic ascaridoid identification.
Subsequently, further studies based on Jacobs et al. (1997) have been undertaken to detect
and differentiate
Toxocara
spp. in soil (Borecka, 2004; Fogt-Wyrwas et al., 2007; Borecka &
Gawor, 2008) and in fecal samples (Fahrion et al., 2010).
Fogt-Wyrwas et al. (2007) developed a technique based on a step PCR method for
identification of
T. canis
and
T. cati
in soil samples. First, the authors recovered eggs using a
flotation technique. Genetic analyses were then carried out after the crushing the eggs by
pressing a cover slip on a microscope slide, to produce the embryonic material. Successful
results were obtained only when a single or large numbers of eggs were recovered from 40 g
soil samples. Both
T. canis
and
T. cati
genetic material were amplified. Borecka & Gawor
(2008) verified that the use of proteinase K enabled amplification of genomic DNA from the
soil without the need to isolate eggs using flotation or to inactivate PCR inhibitors present in
the sample, thus making PCR easier and less laborious for routine use.
