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Fig. 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of each samples of fly ash and relative weight fractions of
minerals and amorphous phases. Mul = mullite; Qtz = quartz.
Fig. 5. Weight fractions of minerals and amorphous for each sample of fly ash analyzed.
2.2 Red muds
Red muds are residue alumina products deriving from the Bayer process by the digestion of
crushed bauxite in concentrated caustic (NaOH) at elevated temperature. They consist
mostly of hematite and goethite together with boehmite, calcium oxides, titanium oxides
