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Lithuania and Estonia declare independence.
Russia moves to Gregorian calendar (Orthodox
Church continues to use Julian calendar).
(March) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed between
RSFSR and Central Powers.
Trotsky becomes commissar of war.
Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party.
SRs leave the coalition government.
Allied troops land at Murmansk.
(April) Japanese land at Vladivostok.
(May) Food requisitioning begun in the coun-
tryside.
Revolt of Czech Legion.
Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan declare inde-
pendence.
(June) Committees of the Village Poor estab-
lished.
Large-scale industry nationalized.
(July) Nicholas II and his family executed in
Ekaterinburg.
Socialist Revolutionary revolt in Moscow.
First Soviet constitution.
(August) White forces capture Kazan.
Americans land in Vladivostok.
Assassination attempt on Lenin.
(September) Proclamation of “Red Terror”.
Omsk Directorate formed.
Red Army captures Kazan.
Americans land at Arkhangelsk.
(October) Poland declares independence.
(November) Armistice ends World War I.
Soviets repudiate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Latvia declares independence.
French troops land at Odessa.
Omsk Directorate overthrown.
Kolchak becomes Supreme White Commander.
(December) British troops land at Batum, on
Black Sea.
Kolchak takes offensive in Siberia.
(April) French withdraw from Odessa.
Kolchak offensive halted.
(May) Denikin begins northward offensive.
(June) Kolchak begins to retreat.
Treaty of Versailles.
(October) White armies under Denikin and
Yudenich threaten Moscow and Petrograd;
height of White challenge to Bolsheviks.
Denikin retreats from Orel.
Yudenich retreats from Petrograd.
Allies withdraw from Arkhangelsk and Mur-
mansk.
1920
(January) Allied blockade ends.
(February) Peace with Estonia.
Kolchak executed by Bolsheviks in Irkutsk.
(March) Ninth Party Congress.
(April) Soviets retake Azerbaijan.
Soviet-Polish War begins.
Wrangel succeeds Denikin as leader of Whites.
(May) Poles take Kiev.
(June) Wrangel offensive northward from the
Crimea.
Polish retreat from Kiev.
(July) Second Comintern Congress.
(August) Battle of Warsaw.
(October) Peace negotiations with Poles at Riga.
(November) Wrangel evacuates the Crimea; civil
war ends in Russia.
(December) Soviets retake Armenia.
1921
(February) Soviets retake Georgia.
(February-March) Kronstadt uprising.
(March) Tenth Communist Party Congress.
New Economic Policy (NEP) inaugurated.
Treaty of Riga.
1918-1921
Civil War and War Communism.
1921-1922
Famine along the Volga and the southern Ukraine.
1919
(March) First Congress of the Communist Inter-
national (Comintern).
Eighth Communist Party Congress.
1922
New criminal code drawn up and promulgated.
Cheka replaced by OGPU.
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