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ship that alternated between collaboration and
conflict. Novikov was first educated at home,
then at Moscow University. In 1767, he first
appeared as a writer for the Legislative Commis-
sion. His first publishing venture, the satirical
journal
Truten
(
Drone
) (1769), was closed after
one year by order of Catherine, after engaging in
a running dialogue or dispute with Catherine's
journal
Vsiakaia vsiachina
(
This and That
). The
authorities also closed three other journals,
Pus-
tomel
(
Chatterbox
),
Zhivopisets
(
Painter
), and
Kosh-
elok
(
Bag
). He became a Freemason in 1775. In
1779 Novikov moved from St. Petersburg back
to
MOSCOW
to manage the publishing arm of
Moscow University. In 1783, he established his
own enterprise, which over the next decade
issued over 1,000 books of translations and orig-
inals, including
The Library of Old Russian Authors,
in 30 volumes. Novikov was arrested in 1792,
charged with being a Freemason, and sentenced
to 15 years in prison to be served at Schlussel-
burg Fortress to the east of St. Petersburg. Over
20,000 copies of his book were burned. Czar
PAUL I
commuted his sentence in 1796, after
Catherine's death. Novikov settled on his estate
but remained inactive for the rest of his life.
Novikov was one of the main figures of the Rus-
sian Enlightenment, an ardent promoter of
human rights, education, justice, and tolerance,
and a critic of serfdom, which to him was the
main source of Russia's ills.
of Vladimir
LENIN
. The government, perhaps
unaware of the irony, responded much like the
czarist government during the
BLOODY SUNDAY
massacre of 1905, shooting at the demonstra-
tors. At the end of the day, 24 people had been
killed and 69 wounded. The dead were buried in
secret places throughout Rostov province; seven
alleged leaders of the demonstration were exe-
cuted; and many others were sent to labor
camps of the
GULAG
. The Soviet government suc-
cessfully covered up the news of the massacre,
but over the next two decades details began to
filter out through the underground
samizdat
press or foreign radio stations such as Radio Lib-
erty. In the first volume of
The Gulag Archipelago,
Aleksandr
SOLZHENITSYN
makes reference to the
events in Novocherkassk. It was only in the late
1980s when one of the imprisoned strike leaders
was released that the first open discussion of the
Novocherkassk massacre took place among the
Soviet public. In 1992, relatives of those killed
during the massacre were finally informed of
where the bodies had been buried.
Nureyev, Rudolf Hametovich
(1938-1993)
dancer
World famous ballet dancer and choreographer,
he was born into a Tatar family in Ufa, now
Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation. After
training in Ufa, he moved to Leningrad in 1955,
graduating three years later, a promising talent.
As a soloist with the Kirov Ballet of Leningrad
(1958-61), he became an overnight sensation,
rapidly considered among the best young virtu-
oso dancers of the ballet world. While in Paris in
1961, he sought political asylum. The following
year in London, Nureyev began an historic part-
nership with the renowned British ballerina
Margot Fonteyn, and became a favorite of West-
ern critics and audiences. Combining technical
accomplishment and subtle, emotional perfor-
mances, Nureyev left a deep mark on Western
male dancing. Although his interpretations of
traditional classics (Siegfried in
Swan Lake
and
Albrecht in
Giselle
) were constant favorites, he
Novocherkassk massacre of 1962
A massacre of striking workers in the industrial
city of Novocherkassk in Rostov province in
southwestern Russia that took place on June 1,
1962. The strike resulted from the Soviet gov-
ernment's announcement of substantial
increases in the price of meat and butter. In
protest, workers acompanied by their families
took to the streets of Novocherkassk and
marched towards the local headquarters of the
Communist Party. The marchers adopted the
prerevolutionary symbols of labor protest, such
as singing the
Internationale
while they displayed
their loyalty to the regime by carrying portraits
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