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condemned him for this and he had to stop prac-
ticing but later moved to the Arkhangelsk Medical
Institute. He continued implanting artificial plastic
and then silicon crystals and by 1965 he had per-
formed 62 such operations. He was head of Mos-
cow Institute (1967-74), director of the Moscow
Scientific Research Laboratory for Experimental
and Clinical Eye Surgery (1974-80), and director
of the Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Eye
Microsurgery (1980-86). In 1986 Fedorov met
Nikolai Ryzhkov, then USSR prime minister, and
made a great impression on him. With Ryzhkov's
support, by a joint decree of the Central Com-
mittee of the Communist Party and the USSR
Council of Ministers, the institute was trans-
formed into an interbranch scientific research
complex for eye microsurgery, with Fedorov as
its director. In 1991 he was appointed a member
of the Higher Consultation Coordination Coun-
cil of the Russian Federation Supreme Soviet,
and in 1992 he became vice president of the
Russian Club (for those who had arrived in Rus-
sian society). He was elected to the USSR Con-
gress of People's Deputies in March 1989 and
became a member of the Supreme Soviet. In
June 1990 he was elected president of the Rus-
sian Federation Union of Lessees and Entrepre-
neurs. At the time of the
AUGUST COUP OF
1991
COUP
, Fedorov supplied Boris
YELTSIN
and his
supporters defending the home of the Russian
Parliament, known as the Russian White House,
with mobile medical equipment and food. He
left the Communist Party in August 1991, and
joined Democratic Russia. He has published over
400 scientific papers.
ing most of Feodor's reign. Feodor's reign was a
time of foreign policy successes but increasing
domestic tensions, inherited from his father's
long reign and wars. Muscovy continued its good
relations with Elizabethan England. War with
Sweden (1590-95) brought Muscovy renewed
control over much of the coast of the Gulf of Fin-
land, as well as parts of Karelia. Russian penetra-
tion of western Siberia, begun in the last years of
Ivan IV's reign, continued apace, with Mus-
covites soon establishing a permanent presence
in the area. Another important achievement of
Feodor's reign was the elevation of Metropolitan
Job, head of the Russian Orthodox Church and
an ally of Boris Godunov, to the rank of patri-
arch. The Russian patriarch now ranked fifth in
seniority in the Orthodox world, behind the
patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Anti-
och, and Jerusalem. In domestic affairs, labor
shortages and declining tax revenues resulted
from the flight of peasants escaping famine con-
ditions and the burdens of heavy taxation.
Unable to cultivate their estates, nobles were less
able to provide the czar with military service.
Godunov's attempts to limit the peasant's free-
dom to migrate, while reducing taxation, did not
bear the desired fruits. Feodor's death on Jan-
uary 7, 1598, without a male heir or designated
successor, marked the end of the Rurikid
dynasty, which had provided Muscovy with
rulers since Ivan the Great in 1462. For the next
decade and a half, Muscovy fell into the
TIME OF
TROUBLES
, a period of dynastic and social tur-
moil, aggravated by foreign invasion, out of
which emerged Russia's next and last ruling
dynasty, the Romanovs.
Feodor I
(1557-1598)
(Feodor Ivanovich)
czar
The youngest son of
IVAN IV
by his first wife,
Anastasia, Feodor became ruler after his father's
death in 1584. Aware that his son was ill-
equipped to rule, Ivan provided for a regency
council in his will. Of the five regents, Boris
GOD
-
UNOV
, brother-in-law to the new czar, proved to
be the most able and served as de facto ruler dur-
Feodor II
See
GODUNOV
,
BORIS
and
FALSE
DMITRII
.
Feodor III
(1661-1682)
czar
Feodor, the son of Czar
ALEKSEI MIKHAILOVICH
by
his first marriage and half brother to the future
PETER I
, reigned from 1676 to 1682. A well-
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