Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
time should be optimized to avoid the reversible reactions that increase the amount
of monoglycerides in the final products.
When added in a 5% vol to conventional fossil diesel, biodiesel fuel reduces NO
x
and PM emissions, especially when using ternary blends of fossil diesel, biodiesel
(5% vol) and ethanol (5% vol), BE-diesel fuel. It also significantly reduces the fuel
consumption of the engine.
References
1. European Committee for Standardization (DIN) (2003) Automotive fuels. Fatty acid methyl
esters (FAME) for diesel engines. Requirements and test methods. European Standard EN 14214
2. Alcantara R, Amores J, Canoira L, Fidalgo E, Franco MJ, Navarro A (2000) Catalytic pro-
duction of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow. Biomass and Bioenergy
18:515-527
3. Alcantara R, Canoira L, Garcia-Martinez MJ Carrasco J (2006) Biodiesel from jojoba oil-wax:
transesterification with methanol and properties as a fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy 30:76-81
4. Fangrui Ma, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresource Technology
70:1-15
5. Meher LC, Vidya Sagar D, Naik SN (2006) Technical aspects of biodiesel production by
transesterification: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 10:248-268
6. Freedman B, Butterfield RO, Pryde EH (1986) Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil.
Journal of the American Oil Chemist Society 63:1375-1380
7. Mittelbach M, Trathnigg B (1990) Kinetics of alkaline catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower
oil. Fat Science Technology 92:145-148
8. Bikou E, Louloudi A, Papayannakos N (1999) The effect of water on the transesterification
kinetics of cotton oil. Chemical Engineering and Technology 22:70-75
9. Diasakou M, Louloudi A, Papayannakos N (1998) Kinetics of the non catalytic transesterifi-
cation of soybean oil. Fuel 77:1297-1302
10. Kusdiana D, Saka S (2001) Kinetics of transesterification in rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuel as
treated in supercritical methanol. Fuel 80:693-698
11. Komers K, Skopal F, Stloukal R, Machek J (2002) Kinetics and mechanism of the KOH-
catalyzed methanolysis of rapeseed oil for biodiesel production. European Journal of Lipid
Science and Technology 104:728-737
12. Boocock DGB, Konar SK, Mao V, Sidi H (1996) Biomass and Bioenergy 11:43-50
13. Dorado MP, Ballesteros E, Arnal JM, Gomez J, Lopez FJ (2003) Exhaust emissions from a
diesel engine fueled with transesterified waste olive oil. Fuel 82:1311-1315
14. Shi X, Yu Y, He H, Shuai S, Wang J, Li R (2005) Emission characteristics using methyl
soyate-ethanol-diesel fuel blends on a diesel engine. Fuel 84:1543-1549
15. Shi X, Pang X, Mu Y, He H, Shuai S, Wang J, Chen H, Li R (2006) Emission reduction potential
of using ethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on a heavy-duty diesel engine. Atmospheric Environment
40:2567-2574
16. McCormick RL, Parish R (2001) Technical barriers to the use of ethanol in diesel fuel. Milestone
report to NREL MP-540-32674
17. McCormick RL, Michael S, Graboski TL, Alleman A, Herring M (2001) Impact of biodiesel
source material and chemical structure on emissions of criteria pollutants from a heavy-duty
engine. Environmental Science and Technology 35:1742-1747
18. Fat and oil derivatives. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) (2003) Determination of free and
total glycerol and mon-, di-, triglyceride content. Reference method EN 14105
19. Levenspiel O (1999) Chemical Reaction Engineering. 3rd ed. Wiley, New York
