Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
were immediately neutralized with 1:1 hydrochloric acid (2 mL). Methanol was
evaporated from the sample using a rotary evaporator. 10 mL of THF were added,
and this solution was dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate. 200 mg (exactly
weighed) were used for the analysis of free glycerol, and mono-, di- and triglycerides
according to the standard EN 14105
[18]
(instead of the 100 mg to balance for the
addition of the THF). The Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAME) content was calculated
from the analyses and the mass balance in each kinetic sample.
Some physicochemical properties of the biodiesel prepared according to this
recipe were determined in a preliminary study of the feasibility of use this biodiesel
as a fuel in diesel engines. The higher calorific value was measured after the ASTM
standard D 240.
The cetane number was calculated from the time needed for the rise of the
pressure by 2 mbar in the fuel ignition chamber, (ASTM D 613). The equipment
was from Fuel Tech. Co. and the cooling water circulation (Circulating System
253) from the Precision Co.
The fossil diesel was mixed with the waste olive oil biodiesel. Blends containing
5% vol biodiesel, were chosen in order to prepare samples to fulfill the requirements
of EN 590 specification (max. biodiesel content 5% vol) and because it was a reason-
able percentage within the requirements of Directive 2003/30/EC (maximum 5.75%
based on lower heating value). The engine tests were made in a single cylinder diesel
Petter AVL-LAB engine; operating characteristics are given in Fig.
1
. Apart from
the engine, the system consists of an electric dynamometer, some heat exchangers
for the lubricants and a control panel. The dynamometer was connected with the rotor
and was originally moving the same way in order to help the engine to start, but later
the dynamometer was used as a power generator transforming the mechanical power of
the engine to electrical power. In this way we were able to adjust the charge of the
engine by changing the potential in the dynamometer. The parameters controlled
Fig. 1
Test AVL-LAB engine used in the emissions and fuel consumption experiments. Type:
single cylinder direct injection, speed: 1,500 rpm, compression: 19:1, volume: 533 cm
3
, maximum
power: 5 hp (3.8 kW)
