Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
effort is necessary, because it would be expected to almost reduce the emission trends
in 2020 to the fourth, changing from 193 to 52 million tones CO2. This effort would
furthermore be supposed to almost reduce to the half the accumulated emissions dur-
ing period 2005-2020, gradually increasing the intensification of the measures.
Discussion and Conclusions
Transport in Spain is responsible for almost 31% of CO2 emissions. If the factors
that generate the transport activity continue, CO2 emissions will be increased by
157% compared to the level of the Kyoto Protocol in 2020 (base year of reference
1990). Under the Kyoto Protocol, Spain is committed to reduce its greenhouse
gases between 2008 and 2012 until reaching 15% increase on 1990 levels. During
the period 1990-2020, transport CO2 emissions are expected to increase 196%,
towards 193.3 million tones of carbon in 2020.
The reduction of transport GHG emissions will be complicated if factors that
have increased emissions in the past are important factors in the increase of future
emissions. Although management measures of transport systems have limited
reduction potential of emissions, these measures are necessary to reduce other
transport externalities: accidents, congestion, noise, and air pollution. These mea-
sures are important considering that emissions from other economic sectors have
decreased or grown at smaller rate than those of transport.
This paper evaluates different future scenarios corresponding to different emis-
sion reduction measures. Between these scenarios and measures, efficient use of
vehicles has the greater potential and is the key to drastically reduce carbon emis-
sions along with technological improvements of vehicles and fuels. Efficient use of
vehicles represents an appropriate management of the transport system and could
reduce base foreseen emissions by 28% in 2020. Improvements in technology of
vehicles and fuels continue past trends of energy intensity of passengers and freight
transport modes and could reduce base emissions by 25% in 2020. Changes in
interurban and urban modal shares of passengers and freight could reduce CO2
emissions by 19%, leading to a stabilization of emissions by 52.4 million tones of
carbon in 2020: any additional significant reduction of CO2 emissions would need
introduction of great scale additional measures such as low carbon fuels, fiscal
measures and e-work.
References
1. Pérez-Martínez PJ (2007) Mobility and environment in Spain. In: Morrison G, Rauch S (eds)
Highway and Urban Environment, Proceedings of the 8th Highway and Urban Environment
Symposium. Springer Verlag, Dordrecht, pp 35-43
2. Schipper L, Scholl L, Price L (1997) Energy use and carbon emissions from freight in 10
industrialized countries: an analysis of trends from 1973 to 1992. Tranpn Res D 2:57-76
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