Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3
Modal split in Madrid Metropolitan Area, 2004
Metropolitan
trips
Mode
Urban trips
Percent
Percent
Urban bus
1,186,588
15.5
7,535
0.1
Metro
1,525,463
19.9
224,268
3.7
Suburban bus
33,835
0.4
735,463
12.1
Suburban train
173,052
2.3
513,909
8.5
Public transport
2,918,938
38.2
1,481,175
24.4
Car
1,716,583
22.4
2,700,828
44.5
Taxi
508,319
6.6
24,804
0.4
Motorbike
52,818
0.7
30,469
0.5
Walking
2,449,839
32.0
1,835,742
30.2
Total
7,646,497
100.0
6,073,018
100.0
Trips/inhabitants
2.44
2.61
Trips/inhabitants
(1996)
2.13
2.04
accounts for 38% of trips in Madrid City and only 24% in the Metropolitan Ring;
car patronage was 29%, and 45% respectively; while 32% are walking trips in
Madrid City and 30% in the Metropolitan Ring. Comparing data from the two last
mobility surveys 1996-2004, the first observation to make is that the mobility rate
has been on the rise a lot. In Madrid City, it has increased from 2.13 to 2.44 (15%)
trips per person over the 1996-2004 period
[23, 25]
. In the Metropolitan Ring the
rate has grown even more: from 2.04 to 2.61 (28%) trips per person.
This is mainly due to the increase of car trips in the Metropolitan Ring by 75%.
This change in mobility patterns has a big environmental impact and it is causing
a vicious circle which will produce more car dependency and again more environ-
mental costs.
Transport Costs in Madrid
The transport costs evaluated in this study are €21.7 billions for the whole Madrid
Metropolitan Area (Table
4
). Trip time is two third of this total, and economic costs
explain another 28%. This explains why in the assessment process of transport projects
is given very low importance to externalities, including accidents and environmental
costs. Externalities account only €883 million, which means about a 4%. Analyzing
trip costs according to transport mode we can see big differences for all kinds of
costs and for the Area where trips are made
[5]
. Table
5
shows the results in costs
per passenger-kilometer according to urban and metropolitan modes. In urban trips,
collective public transport is the most competitive. Car cost is practically twice metro
cost, and the metro is the most efficient transport mode in urban trips. However, in
metropolitan trips, costs for different transport modes are more similar.
