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3. COD Mn and TN loads were found to be likely affected by nearby land use state.
On the other hand, the unit runoff load of SS was found to be little affected by
regional characteristics.
4. As deined by Eq. 1, the pollutant runoff coeficients of SS and TP were smaller
than those of the other water quality constituents.
5. A review of road surface load surveys conducted in Japan showed that the unit
loads determined in this study were smaller than the values measured over 30
years ago and unit loads have decreased year after year.
Future works will include accumulation of precise data of expressways and high-
ways and continuous updating of data by conducting monitoring. Understanding
the percentages of loads from roads in the total load discharged from cities during
rainfall is also indispensable for deciding the priority order of measures. Finally, the
data collected in this study should be carefully handled because the study did not
reproduce the friction by automobile tires and disturbance of surface runoff water
during rainfalls. The unit loads from road surface determined in this study will be
used as a standard unit load in sewerage projects in Japan.
Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to the cooperating staff of municipalities
in the field survey for miscellaneous supports.
References
1. Ministry of Environment (2003) Quality of the Environment in Japan 2003, http://www.env.
go.jp/policy/hakusyo_e/hakusyo.php3?kid = 221
2. Japan Sewerage Works Association (1999) Guideline and Commentary on Comprehensive
Basin-wide Planning of Sewerage Works (in Japanese)
3. Lee Jun Ho, Bang Ki Woong (2000) Characterization of urban stormwater runoff. Water
Research. 34:1773-1780
4. Kayhanian M, Stransky C, Bay S, Lau S-L, Stenstrom MK (2008) Toxicity of urban highway
runoff with respect to storm duration. Science of the Total Environment. 39:386-406
5. Public Works Research Institute (1975) (in Japanese)
6. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering
Institute (2002) Tentative Guideline on Urban Nonpoint Pollution Control. (in Japanese)
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