Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
possibilities to decrease the exposure of people to PM in the light of the new
European directive that calls for a 20% reduction of the exposure of the population.
Modifications to the design criteria for cycling infrastructure and motorized
vehicles as well as changes to the organization of traffic and the highway code may
all contribute to this objective.
Future research should confirm these results for other particle sizes (PM10) at
different locations and under different meteorological conditions to elucidate the
mechanism explaining our observations.
In the next phase of the SHAPES project the amount of UFP and PM10 that is
actually inhaled by cyclists will be compared to the exposures to car drivers.
Acknowledgement
The work reported in this paper was partly financed by the Belgian science
policy under the Science for Sustainable Development program and the VITO UFP strategic
research project.
References
1.
de Geus B, De Smet S, Nijs J, Meeusen R (2007) Determining the intensity and energy
expenditure during commuter cycling. Br. J. Sports Med. 41:8-12
2. Cavill N, Davis A (2007) Cycling and health, what's the evidence? Cycling England, London,
51 pp
3. Berghmans P, Bleux N, Int Panis L, Mishra VK, Torfs R, Van Poppel M (2008) Exposure
assessment of a cyclist to PM10 and Ultrafine particles. Science of the total environment
doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.041
4. den Breejen E (2006) Fietsers en verkeersuitstoot. Verkenning van de blootstelling van fietsers
aan fijn en ultrafijn stof. Wetenschapswinkel Biologie. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht, P-UB-
2006-02, 86 pp. (in Dutch)
5. Vankerkom J, De Maerschalck B, Janssen S, Tonneijck F (2007). Update en gevoeligheidsanalyse
van de vegetatiemodule in het ENVI-met model. VITO, 48 pp. (in Dutch)
6. Bruse M, Fleer H (1998) Simulating surface-plant-air interactions inside urban environments
with a three dimensional numerical model. Environ Model Software 13:373-384
7. Hertel O, Hvidberg M, Ketzel M, Storm L, Stausgaard L (2007) A proper choice of route sig-
nificantly reduces air pollution exposure - a study on bicycle and bus trips in urban streets. Sci
Total Environ 389:58-70
