Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 1
Differences of the Cd,
Pb and Cu distribution in fine
and coarse particles of MASP
70
Cd
Pb
Cu
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
fine ( d < 2.5)
coarse (2.5 < d < 10)
Table 4
Avarege atmospheric levels of Cu, Cd and Pb compared with other results reported in
the literature
Fine aerosol
Coarse aerosol
ng/m
Cd
Pb
Cu
Cd
Pb
Cu
Tubarão (winter)
[13]
-
5.7
1.2
-
3.9
1.6
Rio de Janeiro
[14]
0.4
16
22
Volta Redonda (2004-2005)
[15]
4
140
263
MASP (1983-1985)
[16]
94
11
51
19
MASP (1997)
[12]
-
42
19
-
38
44
MASP (2003)*
2.1
38
17
1.1
19
29
Similar results of metal concentration distributions in fine and coarse dry depo-
sition were observed in other studies carried out in the MASP during the winter
1997. The aim was to characterize the chemical composition of aerosols in São
Paulo city by using proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) technique
[12]
.
Table
4
compares the results obtained in the present study with those previously
obtained in the same area but also from other places.
Lead and copper concentrations in fine particles were higher in the present study
than those found in Tubarão
[13]
and comparable with those obtained in MASP in
1997. For Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations in coarse particles, our results were also
comparable with those obtained in Rio de Janeiro
[14]
but they were much
lower than those found in Volta Redonda
[15]
, an area of high industrial activity.
In MASP, the lead aerosol contamination in fine and coarse modal has been declining
since 1993 when the addition of tetraethyl lead to gasoline was prohibited in Brazil.
In two decades, the contamination by lead has been reduced by 60% in fine, and
more than 62% in coarse particles (Table
4
).
