Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Provide water from the distribution network and in a tank or a bath
Regular exercise
Stable horses or limit pasturing during the risky seasons(< 6H a day or weather
dependant pasturing)
Provide a salt block
PASTURE MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE THE RISK
Avoid spreading of manure on the pasture; prefer manual removal of faeces
Avoid pastures (mainly in autumn and spring) where previous deaths have occurred
Dead leaves and wood should be removed from the pasture and be burned
Remove mould formations from the pasture
Ensure rotation of pastures and avoid (during the risky seasons) (1) sloping pastures,
especially those with a steep slope, (2) bare pastures, (3) humid pastures or pastures
surrounded by or containing a stream or river, (4) pastures surrounded by or
containing trees, especially the tree species Acer pseudoplatanus
Provide general aspecific pasture treatment such as ploughing, sowing, mowing,
fertilizing
2.2.1. Preventive Measures Based on Risk and Protective Factors:
Demographic Data
Whenever possible, preventive measures should be applied to all horses,
but if a choice should be made between some horses due to limitations of
infrastructure or management, horses at risk should be favoured.
Young horses are at risk to develop AM. Young horses spend more time at
pasture than horses of middle age, which increases the contact time with the
causative agent. At the same time they also are less frequently submitted to
intensive training and the non-use for work seems to be a necessity for the
development of AM (van Galen et al. 2011a). Moreover, a hypothetical
protective immunity against the condition might not yet be optimally
developed in young horses.
Horses with a normal body condition are at risk and should thus be
favoured for preventive measures (Votion et al. 2007, 2009; van Galen et al.
2011a). Overweight horses seem to be protected against AM and better
withstand the condition, which might be explained by compensation in the
occurring muscle energetic imbalance (Votion et al. 2009).
2.2.2. Preventive Measures Based on Risk and Protective Factors: Horse
Management
Regular deworming and vaccination were found to be protective factors
without having a confounding effect with age (Votion et al. 2009). Regular
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