Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Buckwheat
Quinoa
Amaranths
Production
Origin of utilization
a
Asia, highlands
Andes mountains
South America
Russia, China, USA,
Japan, EU
b
Main producers
Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
c
USA, Peru, Bolivia
b
400-1200
b
,
640-920
c
Yield (kg grain ha
-1
) - approximate
800-1000
b
400
b
-1500
a
minimum, maximum
500-2200
b
435-6591
b
10
d
-4000, 5000
b
Requirements
105-160
b
, 150
f
90
g,h
-100
h
Growing season (days)
100
120-240
e
, 140
f
Min. germination temperature (°C)
7
f
5
f
-7
b
12, 15
i
Frost resistance to (°C)
-1
f
, (-1.3 to -2.9)
j
-3 do -15
k
0
Temperature stop assimilation (°C)
10
8
15
Transpiration coefficient (kg water kg
-1
of dry
plant matter)
500-600
b
400
200-333
k
Sources:
a
[35],
b
[36],
c
[37],
d
[38],
f
[39],
g
[40],
h
[41],
i
[42],
k
[43],
j
[44],
k
[45]
Table 2.
Pseudocereals production characteristics and environmental requirements
less than 50 g of grain per adults' daily need, it is also ideal reference of essential amino acid
pattern for children according to FAO/WHO/UNO standards (except for valine); amaranths
are a substitute for meat meals, especially due to rich content of methionine, cisteine and
arginine [45, 36]. For those mixtures with cereals supports balanced meals in amino acid
composition, especially for vegetarians.
Buckwheat
Amaranth
Quinoa
Seed
Groat
b
Dark flour
a
White flour
a
Variation Average
f
(variation)
Protein
11-15,12.3
a
16.8
14.1
6.4
13.3
c
-17.9
d
14.7 (9.6-22.1)
Starch
73.3
a
67.8
68.6
79.5
62
g
58.2 (46.9-77.4)
Fat
2.3
a
11
3.5
1.2
5.1-7.7
7.2 (1.8-8.2)
Fibre
10.9
a
0.6
8.3
0.5
8
g
6.4 (1.1-13.4)
Ash
2.1
a
2.2
1.8
0.9
3
g
3.4 (2.4-9.7)
Sources:
a
[47],
b
[48],
c
[46],
d
[49],
f
average data from Fleming and Galwey [50],
g
[39].
Table 3.
Nutritional composition of pseudocereals (% of dry matter)
