Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
conventional farming system, although in conventional system with simplified crop rotation
fungicides were used. On the other hand, incidence of leaf diseases was approximately four
times higher in organic farming system than in conventional one (Table 9).
The rate of infection by fungal stem base and leaf diseases differed from variety to variety
(Table 9). Cvs. Tonacja and Ostka Strzelecka had the lowest rate of stem base disease infection.
However those varieties (as well as Smuga) had the highest rate of infection by leaf diseases.
A pathogen species infecting the common wheat was also different in years.
Puccinia recodita
had the highest rate of infection in 2008,
Septoria spp.
in 2009 and in year 2010 both those
pathogens infected common wheat. Cvs. Kobra Plus and Bogatka showed the lowest rate of
the leaf disease infestation in organic farming system through the years. However, they were
highly infected by stem base diseases (Table 9). Those varieties also revealed a high rate of
fungal disease infestation in conventional farming system.
Stem base infection index (%)
Leaves infection index (%)*
Cultivar
2008
2009
2010
mean
2008
2009
2010
mean
organic system
Kobra Plus
15.1
12.0
10.4
12.5
4.6
15.0
31.2
16.9
Bogatka
25.1
5.1
10.0
13.4
10.8
11.6
29.7
17.4
Smuga
18.7
10.0
5.6
11.4
21.2
39.7
21.4
27.4
Tonacja
15.8
1.1
5.3
7.4
21.9
22.3
31.1
25.1
Ostka Strzelecka 14.2
1.8
6.3
7.4
20.2
30.3
28.8
26.4
spelt
11.1
8.2
8.3
9.2
18.9
27.3
22.7
23.0
mean
16.7
6.4
7.7
10.2
16.3
24.4
27.5
22.7
conventional system
Kobra Plus
42.8
2.6
23.7
23.0
1.6
10.9
18.9
10.4
Bogatka
45.2
3.4
32.2
26.9
0.8
11.1
5.2
5.7
Rywalka
34.4
0.5
18.6
17.8
0.4
5.0
0.5
2.0
Legenda
16.4
3.0
20.2
13.2
0.3
10.1
0.5
3.6
mean
34.7
2.4
23.7
20.3
0.8
9.3
6.3
5.4
*The area (%) of flag and underflag leaf infested by pathogens
Table 9.
The infestation of stem base and leaves of winter wheat by pathogens in milk-dough stage in organic and
conventional farming system
Higher leaf infestation by fungal pathogens in organic farming system, as well as nitrogen
deficiency during shaping of grains, negatively influenced nitrogen availability and decreased
total protein content of the grain (Table 10). Varieties listed in the regional allocation of crops
contained an average of 12.6% protein, although protein content in highly fertilized conven‐
