Carbon Pastes and Carbon Paste Electrodes - Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste Electrodes - page 42

The. individual. achievements. and. other. details. about. CP-detectors. can. be. found. in. numerous.
contemporary. reviews. on. electrochemical detection in lowing streams . (see,. e.g.,. [576-581]. and.
references.therein),.while.more.general.information.and.instrumental.aspects.of.various.detection.
systems.are.yet.commented.in.Chapter.6.

2.3.5 p lanar C onsTruCTions oF C arbon p asTe e leCTrodes
Besides.the.aforementioned.planar.conigurations.of.numerous.CP-detectors,.biosensors,.and.bio-
reactors.applicable.in.FIA,.SIA,.or.EC-LC.arrangements,.there.are.also.a.number.of.constructions.
with.typically.planar.coniguration.that.are.not.necessarily.intended.for.use.in.lowing.streams.or.
hydrodynamic.measurements.in.the.batch.arrangement.
An.apparent.priority.of.such.a.planar.CPE.can.be.attributed.to.a.construction.reported.by.the.carbon.
paste.inventor.and.his.team.[21].who.had.used.it.in.combination.with.triangular-ramp.voltammetry.
for.one.of.their.typical.studies.within.organic.electrochemistry..A.few.years.later,.a.similar.study—
divided.into.two.parts.[582,583]—was.performed.with.another.planar.CPE.whose.geometry.allowed.
the.periodical.renewal.of.the.diffusion.layer..Of.plane.constructions.was.also.an.s-CPE-based.potentio-
metric.ion-selective.minielectrode.[521].or.similarly.designed.and,.again,.zero-current-operated.multi-
electrode.array.[584]..A.planar.construction.is.also.a.typical.feature.of.a.series.of.electrically.heated.
carbon.paste.electrodes.(EH-CPEs;.[90,292-294]).commented.in.more.detail.overleaf.
Furthermore,.plane.coniguration.is.very.characteristic.for.the.so-called.groove.electrodes.(GrEs;.
[295,585-587]). developed. as. the. true. carbon-paste. alternative. to. screen-printed electrodes . with.
solidiied.carbon.ink,.having.copied.their.typical.geometry,.as.well.as.the.overall.size..As.illustrated.
in.Figure.2.12.on.drawing.“A,”.GrEs.are.designed.as. Telon ® -made.prismatic.bars.with.horizontal.
cavity.for.carbon.paste.illing.(ca..1.mm.layer),.for.a.metal.contact,.and.additional.plastic.inserts.for.
mechanical.demarcation.of.the.surface.area.
Due.to.rather.small.dimensions.and.a.plane.coniguration,.the.GrE.can.be.inserted.into.miniaturized.
low-through.cells,.where.the.carbon.paste.illing.was.found.suficiently.stable.also.at.relatively.high.
low.rates.as.found.during.their.advanced.testing.with.modiied.carbon.pastes.[586,587]..The kit-like.

4

2

1

3

(A)

2

1 3

2

1

(B) (C)

FIGURE 2.12 Schematic.constructions.of.three.different.planar.carbon.paste.electrodes..(A).Groove.elec-
trode.(After.Švancara,.I..et.al.,.Plastic.bars.with.carbon.paste:.A.new.type.of.the.working.electrode.in.elec-
troanalysis,. in. Monitoring of Environmental Pollutans ,. Vol.. IV. (in. Czech),.Eds.. K..Vytˇas,. J.. Kellner,. and.
J. Fischer,. University. of. Pardubice,. Pardubice,. Czech. Republic,. pp.. 145-158,. 2002);. left :. 1,. prismatic. bar.
(made.of.PTFE);.2,.cavity.with.carbon.paste.illing;.3,.plastic.insert;.and.4,.brass.contact;. right :.disassembled.
kit;.(B).electrically.heated.carbon.paste.electrode.(Redrawn.from.Flechsig,.G.-U..et.al.,. Electroanalysis ,.14,.
192,.2002):.1,.carbon.paste.illing;.2,.PTFE.corpus;.and.3,..three.Cu-wires;.(C).carbon.paste.ilm.electrode.
(simpliied.sketch):.1,.carbon.paste.ilm/layer.and.2,.supporting.electrode.in.the.disc.coniguration..(Drawings.
from.authors'.archives.)