Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
the.previous.type..(Such.a.reduction.in.size.was.inevitable.also.due.to.progressive.miniaturization.
of.electrochemical.instrumentation,.including.the.electrode-cell.compartments.[175].).And,.when.
abandoning. advantageous. concept. of. exchangeable. tips—because. of. very. dificult. machining. of.
smaller.parts.from.quite.elastic.Telon.[188]—these.holders.(“slim”.or.“S”-type.[540]).have.been.
and.still.are.being.made.in.two.variants.
Both.are.nearly.identical,.but.differ.from.the.size.of.the.holes.drilled.in.and.through,.making.
these.slim.holders.to.have.the.actual.surface.diameter.either.2.or.3.mm,.respectively..Whereas.both.
T-.and.S-types.were.manufactured.in.fairly.large.series.(maybe.100.pieces.of.each).and.then.suc-
cessfully.used.for.years,.the.newest.“ultraslim”.or.“mini”.prototype.(“M”.[84,111];.see.image.“D”).
exists.in.a.few.exemplars.only,.designed.and.tested.as.the.wall-jet.CP-detector.for.HPLC.(see.[114].
and.references.therein).and.representing,.in.fact,.the.construction.limit.from.mechanical.and.func-
tional.points.of.view,.as.well.as.with.respect.to.the.material.and.machinery.used.
2.3.3 C
oMMerCially
a
Vailable
C
arbon
p
asTe
e
leCTrode
b
odies
Both.carbon.paste-illed.drilled.rods.and.piston-equipped.holders.had.also.become.the.inspiration.
and. pattern. for. some. manufacturers. of. electrochemical. instrumentation. offering. in. oficial. cata-
logues—or,.now.websites—their.own.products:.CPE.bodies.(usually.together.with.a.ready-to-use.
carbon.paste;.see.also.Section.2.1.4.and.Table.2.1)..These.products.have.found.indisputable.popu-
larity. among. some. renowned. research. groups. (see,. e.g.,. [242,243,542]);. nevertheless,. homemade.
carbon.paste.holders.still.prevail.due.to.a.wider.versatility.
To.the.authors'.knowledge,.commercially.available.CP-bodies.have.appeared.in.both.tubing.and.
piston-driven.constructions..Regarding.the.latter,.for.instance,.there.has.been.a.“giant”.CP-holder.
(about. 25.cm. long. and. weighing. some. hundreds. of. grams). with. the. corpus. made. of. transparent.
Plexiglass
®
.and.marketed.approximately.15.years.ago..The.irst.type—that.is,.plastic.tubes.with.ill-
ing.end.holes—seems.to.be.more.frequent,.being.designed.as.small.(5-10.cm.in.length).or.even.min-
iaturized.(<5.cm).variants.that.are.fully.compatible.with.the.electrode-cell.compartments.offered.by.
the.respective.manufacturer(s).
To.date,.products.of.this.kind.can.be.found.via.the.oficial.merchandise,.for.example,.(1).mini-
carbon.paste.electrode.“6.0807.000”.(see.[241].and.the.updated.website.[543]);.(2).electrode.
body.“MF-2010”.with.a.
carbon paste
.“
CF 1010
”.supplied.extra.(see.[544].with.the.link.for.getting.
a. special. manual. in. PDF);. or. (3).
a set of CPEs
. supplied. with. the. so-called.
carbon-paste oil
.
base [545],.altogether.forming.four.different.variants—single.CPE.
“
010251”.(planar.body.with.cen-
tral.well.designed.as.enzymatic.reactor),.two.standard/vertical.CPE.
“
002223
”
.and.CPE.“002210”.
(with.ID.=.1.6.and.3.mm,.longer.bodies),.and.CPE.for.RDE.
“
010800”.(with.ID.=.3.mm.and.a.short.
body.mountable.to.a.rotator).
2.3.4 C
arbon
p
asTe
-b
ased
d
eTeCTors
This.rather.speciic.category.is.typical.for.a.great.variety.of.the.individual.constructions..It.can.be.
even.stated.that.practically.there.is.not.a.design.that.would.be.completely.the.same.like.any.other.
[83,84,111]..The.main.reason.for.such.construction.diversity.is.that.a.great.majority.of.low.cells.
with.CP-detectors.are.being.laboratory.made,.often.hand.in.hand.with.unique.separation.systems,.
such.as.those.proposed.for.analysis.of.gaseous.samples.[546,547].
The.irst.types.of.CP-detectors.appeared.in.sensing.units.for.column.separations.by.HPLC.(see,.
e.g.,.[46,65,548])..Later.on,.similar.constructions.found.quite.a.wide.use.in.low.injection.analysis.
(FIA;.[64,73,549]),.as.well.as.sequential.injection.analysis.(SIA;.[550-552])..Whereas.the.“golden.
era”.of.carbon.paste.detectors.through.the.1990s.and.the.early.2000s.was.undoubtedly.associated.
with.the.dynamic.development.of.CP-biosensors.in.lowing.streams.(see.[70,82,111].and.references.
therein),.including.sophisticated.assemblies.operated.in.dual.regime.[299,553,554]..Since.the.mid-
1990s,. the. applications. of. CP-detectors. under. low. conditions. are. also. connected. with. capillary.
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