Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
detection.with.the.rotated.disc.electrode.(RDE;.[127]),.followed.by.amperometric.detection.in.low-
ing.streams.[463,472,479,492],.combinations.with.potentiometric.indication.[410,415,418,448,457].
or.electrochemiluminescence.detection.[462,486,489]..Some.characterization.and.additional.stud-
ies.have.then.been.performed.with.the.aid.of.EIS.[125,466,471]).and.scanning.electron.microscopy.
(SEM;. [466,469,490]). Finally,. to. evaluate. the. effectiveness. of. some. surface. modiications,. also.
spectral.techniques.were.employed.(namely,.UV/Vis.spectrometry.[417,496],.FT-IR.[413,467,514],.
and.RA-IR.[490])..By.considering.the.electrochemical.investigations.and.more.theoretical.appli-
cations,. the. newly. constituted. area. of. IL-based. CPEs. covers. an. extensive. and. a. very. diverse.
experimental. work—from. the. initial. characterizations. [126,453-456],. including. comparative.
studies. with. classical. CPEs. [394,453,454,457,487]. and. a. report. [507],. in. which. an. ordinary. CPE.
was. presented. also. as. atypical.
counter electrode
,. via. studies. on. the. speciic. ion/charge. trans-
fer. in. ionic. liquids. [454,455,512],. conductivity. changes. [127,448,471],. or. electrocatalytic. effect.
[453-456,459,479,499,514],. up. to. electrochemical. characterization. of. two. novel. microvariants.
[472,490].or.electrically.heated.assemblies.[473,489].
Practically.oriented.
electroanalytical applications of IL-CPEs, CILEs, and CNTILEs
.are.mini-
mally.as.diverse.as.the.individual.variants.and.subvariants.of.ionic.liquid-based.carbon.pastes.[452]..
Again,.their.applicability.to.the.determination.of.inorganic.species,.organic.compounds.and.pol-
lutants,.pharmaceuticals,.as.well.as.numerous.biologically.active.compounds.can.be.illustrated.by.
means.of.the.following.survey:
•.
Inorganic ions and molecules. Single metal ions
:.Cd
2+
.and.Pb
2+
.[495],.Cd
2+
,.Pb
2+
,.and.Cu
2+
.
[513],. Hg
2+
/Hg
II
. [448],. Ce
3+
. [418],. Yb
3+
. [511],. Pr
3+
. [410],. Er
3+
. [415,509],. and. Tb
3+
[510]..
Anions
:. NO
2
−
. [126,464,467,481],. SO
3
2−
. [471],. BrO
3
−
. [515],. IO
3
−
. [482],. ClO
4
−
,. PF
6
−
. [454]..
Molecules
:.H
2
O
2
.[413,463,464,470,479,487,488,492,499,512,514],.O
2
.[479],.N
2
H
4
.[472].
•.
Organic compounds
.. Phenol. and. 2,4-dichlorphenol. [461],. hydroquinone. and. anthra-
quinone. [465,480,505],. dihydroxybenzenes. [504],. metol. [493,494]),. catechol. [461,476],.
dihydroxy-benzoic. acid. [501],. and. trichloroacetic. acid. [413,427,470,479,481,488,496,.
499,503,506].
•.
Organic pollutants. p
-Aminophenol. [468],. tripropylamine. [462],. nitromethane. [204];.
p
-nitrophenol. [500],. TNT. (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. [507]),. and. methylparathion. (herbicide.
[334]).
•.
Pharmaceuticals. Commercial products
:. Dobesilate. (calcium. [460]),. Fentanyl. (citrate.
[486]),.Paracetamol.[477];.
abuse drugs
:.Heroin.[502].and.Methamphetamine.[426].
•.
Biologically important compounds. Aminoacids
:. cysteine. [487],.
purines
:. guanosine.
[412,484],.uric.acid.[333,456];.
vitamins
:.ascorbic.acid.[453,456,458];.
saccharides
:.glucose.
[475,478,414,497];.
neurotransmitters
:.dopamine.[453,456,466],.adenosine.[483];.
enzymes
and coenzymes
:.NADH.[453,128];.
proteins and metaloproteins
:.
α
-fetoprotein.[485];.hemo-
globin.[413,417,464,467,479,496,499,503,512,514],.and.myoglobin.[483,488];.
antioxidants
:.
rutin.[498];.
macromolecules
:.DNA.(and.the.respective.forms.[474,491,508]).
A.remarkable.collection.of.nearly.50.papers,.appearing.all.during.the.last.one.and.a.half.years.
([204,411,413-416,418,419,427,449,477-515],.when.the.authors'.literature.search.for.this.topic.had.
to. be. stopped. in. the. middle. of. 2010),. is. the. best. indication. that. the. recently. established. area. of.
CILEs.and.related.electrodes.rapidly.grows,.relecting.faithfully.the.newest.achievements.in.syn-
thesis.of.further.ionic.liquids.and.similar.luids.
2.3 CONSTRUCTION OF CARBON PASTE HOLDERS
In.order.to.employ.soft,.mechanically.less.compact.carbon.pastes.in.electrochemical.measurements,.
it.is.necessary.to.choose.a.suitable.support,.that.is,.properly.designed.electrode.holder.(body)..Such.
an.assembly.then.represents.
CPE
.from.a.tradition.point.of.view.[3,69,83,166,167].
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