Carbon Pastes and Carbon Paste Electrodes - Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste Electrodes - page 32

other.electrochemical.techniques,.such.as.chronoamperometry.[405,422,439,442],.chronopoten-
tiometry.[366],.EIS.[405,421,440],.galvanostatic.charge/discharge.[406],.and.ohmic-RM.[229,406]..
Finally,.valuable.observations.could.also.be.obtained.by.means.of.nonelectrochemical.measure-
ments,. for. example,. by. SEM. [446]. and. STM. [405]),. x-ray. diffraction. (XRD;. [405]),. or. Raman.
spectroscopy.[380].
Over.the.years,.both.CNTPEs.and.CNT-CPEs,.together.with.their.chemically.and.biologically.
modiied. subvariants,. have. been. the. central. object. of. wide. electrochemical investigation ,. com-
prising. the. initial. characterization. of. basic. types. of. nanotubes. and. the. respective. CNTPEs. (e.g.,.
[123,124,127,360-364]),.their.comparison.with.traditional.CPEs.[359,436],.other.new.types.of.CPEs.
[201,434],. or. even. with. further. kinds. of. CNTs-based. pastes. [417].. Of. interest. were. the. speciic.
electrocatalytic.properties.of.both.SW-CNTs.and.MW-CNTs.[361,368,403,427],.reaction.kinetics.
for.various.(model).compounds.at.the.corresponding.electrodes.[368,411,444],.speciic.ion.transfer.
at.liquid/liquid.phase.boundaries.[391],.or.their.treatment.at.elevated.temperature.[389,406].or.in.
rotated.arrangement.[127].
Most.of.CNT-based.electrodes.have.also.been.successfully.applied.in.practical.electroanalysis,.
where.the.individual.conigurations.could.be.employed.for.a.wide.spectrum.of.various.inorganic.
and.organic.species..This.can.be.documented.by.the.following.survey:
•. Inorganic ions and molecules. Single metal ions :. Hg 2+ . [369,448],. Cu 2+ . [382,393,425],.
Cd 2+ .[377],.Pb 2+ .[382,447],.Sb III,V .[428],.Zr 4+ .[397,407,408],.Er 3+ .[415],.and.Ho 3+ .[419,446]..
Anions :.sulite,.SO 3 2− .[436],.bromate,.BrO 3 − .[380],.and.iodate,.IO 3 − .[380].
Molecules :.hydrogen.peroxide,.H 2 O 2 .[201,431,449].and.hydrazine,.N 2 H 4 .[411].
•. Organic substances and biologically important compounds .. Methanol. [424],. ethanol.
[364,372],. other. aliphatic. alcohols. [424],. phenol. and. its. derivatives. [362,364,381],. qui-
nones. [362],. nitromethane. [204],. phenylhydrazine. [441],. thiolic. derivatives. [363,370].
(including. amino. acids. like. acetylcysteine. [403],. homocysteine. [363],. glycine. [429],.
glutathione. [445],. tryptophan. [384]. and. others. [401]),. ricin. [435],. lavonoids. (querce-
tin,. rutin. [366,374],. and. bergenin. [398]),. glucose. [138,360,371,375,381,385,386,400,.
405,433],. uric. acid. [361,399,422,427],. xanthin. and. hypoxanthin. [399],. tocopherols. [402].
and. folic. acid. [440],. ascorbic. acid. [361,416,422,438],. norepinephrine. [442],. dopamine.
[123,359,361,376,416,427,443],.DOPAC.[122,361,367],.NAD(H).[364,368,439],.and.DNA.
[378,388,394,395,412,421,440].
•. Pharmaceuticals .. Acetaminophen. (syn.:. Paracetamol. [423,438,443]),. Caffeine. [430],.
Carbidopa.[432],.Cisaprid.[392],.Isoniazid.[383,438],.Levodopa.[420],.Methamphetamine.
[426],.Metformin.[373],.Oxytetracycline.[390],.Piroxicam.[387],.and.Urapidyl.[379].
•. Environmental pollutants. Organophosphate insecticides :. Acephate. [389],. Dimethoate.
[389],. EPN. ( O -ethyl- O -(4-nitrophenyl)-phenyl. phosphonothioate. [409]),. and. herbicide :.
Amitrole.(3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.[365]).
2.2.3.3 Carbon Paste Electrodes and Ionic Liquids
Since. publication. of. the. pioneering. paper. by. Tiyapiboonchaiya. et. al.. [450],. the. so-called. (room-
temperature).ionic.liquids,.(RT)ILs,.have.soon.attracted.electrochemists.and.electroanalysts.world-
wide,.initiating.a.new.extensive.research.focused.on.possibilities.and.limitations.of.incorporating.
various.(RT)ILs.into.the.electrode.conigurations.(see,.e.g.,.[451,452].and.references.therein)..And.
similar.to.almost.the.same.move.around.CNTs,.this.newly.coming.trend.could.not.escape.attention.
of.experimenters.preferring.and.popularizing.carbon.paste-based.electrodes.
As.already.stated.[452],.carbon.paste.mixtures.with.their.compositional.and.functional.basis.offer.
an.almost.ideal.platform.for.using.(RT)ILs,.when.a.variability.in.the.use.of.different.pasting.liquids.
and.their.mutual.substitutability.had.opened.a.particular.position.for.popular.ionic.liquids..Thus,.
since.the.report.by.Liu.et.al..[125],.in.which.(RT)ILs.were.irst.described.to.be.intentionally.added.
into.the.carbon.paste.bulk.(when.the.respective.CPE.had.served.as. the probe of choice with a low