Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Moss/lichen
Mushroom
Apple
Banana
Pear
Pineapple
Annona
Avocado
FIGURE 2.5
Some.curious.modiiers.for.carbon.pastes..An.illustrative.sketch..(From.authors'.archives.)
which.is.an.unprecedented.variety.within.the.“green.family”.of.all.the.BiFEs.[268]..And,.
very.recently,.this.spectrum.has.been.enlarged.by.introducing.(v).BiF
4
−
-CPE.[269].as.the.
newest.representative.of.bismuth-modiied.CPEs.
II.
Biological modiications
..If.one.deines.this.type.of.modiication.as.the.intentional.use.of.
material(s).of.biological.origin,.it.is.possible.to.reproduce.the.survey.[7].of.unusual.materi-
als.applied.as.the.bulk.modiiers.(for.illustration,.see.Figure.2.5):.plant.tissues.or.substrates.
(e.g.,.alga.[270],.lichen.[271],.moss.[272],.tobacco.[273],.pea.seedlings.[274],.or.grass.weed.
[275]);. tissues. from. fruits. and. vegetables. (as. natural. sources. of. enzymes);. e.g.,. banana.
[249,276],. orange. slice. [277],. apple. [278],. pear. and. peach. [279],. avocado. [237],. annona.
[280],.pineapple.[281],.coconut.[282],.potatoes.[279],.or.horseradish.root.[249];.mushrooms.
[249,279,283,284];.natural.macromolecules.(e.g.,.chitin.[285],.chitosan.[286],.and.keratin.
[287]).or.even.living.microorganisms.(bacteria.[288].and.viruses.[289]).
. III.
Physical modiications
..Last.but.not.least.and.on.the.occasion.of.debuting.introduction.of.
this.category,.one.can.present.also.some.special.studies,.in.which.the.role.of.modiier.has.
been.undertaken.entirely.or.partially.by:.(i).daily.light.(to.initiate.a.photoreaction.[99].or.
for.functioning.of.a.solar.cell.[100]),.(ii).UV-irradiation.(to.activate.the.surface.of.solidiied.
CP-SPE.[290]),.(iii).elevated.temperature.(heating;.in.order.to.enhance.interactions.with.
DNA.[291-293],.diffusion.transport.of.the.analyte(s).[294],.or.mass.transfer.in.the.solu-
tion.as.such.[295,296]),.(iv).a.short.“shock”.freezing.(as.a.way.of.drying.prior.to.preparing.
carbon.paste.in.batches.and.with.desired.reproducibility.[297]),.(v).ultrasound.(to.activate.
the.CPE.surface.by.physical.“erosion”.[188]),.and—inally—(vi).magnetic.ield.(to.reorient.
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